The Elements of Dance

1. The Elements of Dance

2. Dance is a way of knowing and communicating. All societies use dance to communicate on both personal and cultural levels and to meet physical and spiritual needs. Dance, as with all the arts, has its own language. We need to learn this language in order to fully understand and appreciate the world of Dance.

3. The Language of Dance Elements: Time, Space and Force Choreographic Forms: Theme and Variations, Rondo and Narrative Styles: (characteristics of) Ballet, Tap, Jazz and Modern

4. Elements TIME: The relationship of one movement or part of a movement to another. Includes pulse, speed (or tempo), duration, rhythm, and phrases. Pulse: the ongoing underlying beat Tempo: The speed with which a movement is performed Duration: the length of time a movement lasts: a long time, short time or something in between Rhythm: a flow of sound or movement having regular accented beats; a movement or activity in which some action repeats regularly; patterns made by arranging long and short sounds or strong and light sounds Syncopation: a temporary accenting of a normally weak beat in music to vary the rhythm Phrasing: a grouping and articulation of a group of notes Accent: a movement or shape performed in such a way as to give emphasis.

5. Elements • SPACE: the area of space occupied by the dancer’s body; includes direction, size, pathways, levels and shapes. • Direction: which way a dancer faces or moves; e.g., forward, backward, sideways, up and down • Size: magnitude of a body shape or movement; from small to large movements • Pathways: patterns made as a dancer moves through the air or on the floor (straight, vertical, horizontal, zig-zag); can be made with locomotor or non-locomotor movements, separately or in combination. • Levels: the vertical distance from the floor. Movements take place on three levels: high, middle or low and deep. • Shapes: the form created by the body’s position in space. Aspects of shape are open/closed, symmetrical/asymmetrical, angular and curved.

6. Elements • FORCE:(energy) degree of muscular tension and use of energy while moving. • Dynamics: how a movement is done • Flow: continuity of movement (bound/free flowing) • Weight: strength (force) lightness of movement (heavy/light)

7. Choreographic Forms Choreography is the art of arranging dances Theme: the basic idea of the play, which the author dramatizes through the conflict of characters. Rondo: a dance structure with three or more themes where one theme is repeated. ABACAD Narrative: choreographic structure that follows a specific story line to convey specific information through a dance Variations: contrasts in the use of the dance elements, repetitions.

8. SPACE • Pathways - curved lines, straight lines, zigzags, circles, figure-eights, and many more • Shape - large, small, rounded, and angular • Level - high, medium, low or on the floor • Direction - forward, backwards, diagonally, sideways

9. All dance movements can be labeled as locomotor or nonlocomotor. NONLOCOMOTOR-movements that do not change location LOCOMOTOR-movements that travel AH-E-2.1.31

10. Locomotor Movements Dancers using locomotor movements maywalk,run,skip,hop,jump,slide,leap, orgallop.. These movements may behigh(possibly indicating joy),medium,orlow(possiblyindicating sadness.) AH-E-2.1.31, 1.15, 2.23

11. Non-locomotor Movements Dancers are using non-locomotor movements when they stay in one place but bend, stretch, twist, or swing their body.

12. Styles (characteristics) • Ballet: a classic form of dance growing out of the French nobility. Its root is court dances. • It is known for its: • standardized dance movements • specialized leaps and lifts • French terminology to describe each standardized movement • Pointe shoes for women • slippers for men • costumes---tights, tutus

13. Styles (characteristics) • Tap: is a percussive dance form in which dancers produce sound by wearing shoes to which metal taps have been added. Tap dance, an American dance form which concentrates on footwork and rhythm, has roots in African, Irish and English clogging traditions. Its roots lie in recreational dance (Irish Step dance, jig and African steps). • It is known for: • An emphasis on rhythm • Tap shoes • Costumes—formal to street wear • Improvisation

14. Styles (characteristics) • Jazz: American music marked by lively rhythms with unusual accents and often including melodies made up by musicians as they play. It’s roots are in social dances and early musical theatre dance. • It’s known for: • Stylized movement • Accents in hands, head, hips and feet • English/French terminology to describe movements • Jazz shoes or boots • Costume related to theme of dance • Improvisation

15. Styles (characteristics) • Modern: a form of dance developed by dancers interested in breaking from ballet traditions and expressing a more liberating form of movement. It expresses complex emotions and abstract ideas. • It is known for: • Freedom of movement • Usually barefoot but can use shoes based on theme • Costume related to dance theme • Improvisation used in the development of choreography

16. How is a dance created? Dances are created by combining locomotor and nonlocomotor movements. A dance, like a book, has a beginning, a middle, and an end. AH-M-2.1.34

17. EXPRESSIVE QUALITIES Ideas and emotions communicated by the movement patterns of dance composition

18. ceremonial (religion, celebration, ritual) recreational (folk, social dancing, aerobic dance) artistic (ballet, modern, narrative, tap, lyrical). Dance has 3 main forms AH-E-2.2.32

19. Culture and Dance • Nearly all cultures incorporate dance in some way. • Dance is a major component of many cultures. • Dance is often used to communicate or celebrate.

20. Some more about dance & culture • Cultures use dance in ways that are both social and personal. • What are some examples of culture and dance you can think of? How do those cultures use dance? AH-E-2.2.33, A-HI-2.2.31, AH-M-2.2.32

21. Dance is also representative of time periods What time period do you think of when you hear: *Charleston,*Virginia Reel,*Swing,*Disco,*Break dancing, or*Hip Hop? Something to think about… How are the dances of these time periods related to the politics of the time? AH-H-2.3.31, AH-H-2.3.311

22. Dance in History • Dance has played an important function in many cultures throughout history. • Dance styles, costumes, and music often reflect the political climate of the time. • Dances such as the “Locomotion”, “Macarena”, and even the “Chicken Dance” all perform a function in our society – they create a “group” of dancers having fun! AH-E-2.2.31, 1.15, 2.23, 2.25

23. LANDLERS • USED IN MIDDLE AGES, THESE FOLK DANCES BECAME POPULAR AT WEDDINGS, CHRISTENINGS, AND FESTIVALS

24. Folk Dance Variety of dances by groups or communities, as opposed to being made up by a choreographer. There are several types of this dance, including clogging. AH-E-2.1.14, 1.15, 2.22

25. Like a story or a book, each dance has a beginning, middle, and an end. Dance is made up “movement materials”, connected into “phrases” and put together into a complete dance. Dance is often used to tell a story AH-M-2.2.31, AH-2.2.32, AH-E.2.1.31