THE NATIONAL DREAM

1. THE NATIONAL DREAM Macdonald’s National Policy and the Canadian Pacific Railway

2. MACDONALD’S DREAM To create a nation from sea to sea that would rival the United States But how could this be done?

3. Railway 1) Needed a transportation and communication link throughout Canada • BC’s entry into Confederation (1871) depended on promise of a transcontinental railway built to the Pacific w/in 10 years

4. Territory 2) Macdonald needed to establish control of the NW and bring settlers to the area • Because he feared possible expansion by the USA

5. Money…lots of it 3.) Too expensive for the Govt to build thus needed industrialists(someone who owns or controls an industry) to invest money to back the massive project

6. Sir Hugh Allan • Only Canadian industrialist able to build a railway • He formed the Canadian Pacific Railway Company that was secretly financed and controlled by Jay Cooke, an American • No intention of building transcontinental line – only wanted to branch a line to the North Pacific • Eventually the truth came out!

7. POLITICAL SCANDAL • What is a scandal? • According to the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, a scandal is: someone or something causing "general public outrage or indignation." • Examples today?

8. POLITICAL SCANDAL • According to the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, a scandal is: someone or something causing "general public outrage or indignation." • Who was involved in the Pacific Scandal? • Sir Hugh Allan and John A. Macdonald

9. The 1872 General Election and the Pacific Scandal • 1st election Macdonald called since Confederation • Managed to stay in power but lost many seats • Conservatives lacked election funds • Sought financial help from Hugh Allan in return for a guaranteed railway contract • Memos gave the appearance that Macdonald was on Allan’s payroll • This episode became known as the Pacific Scandal

10. Canada’s First Political Scandal • Results: • Resignation of Macdonald’s Conservative Government • Mackenzie cancelled the railway contract • Sir Hugh Allan lost the railway charter • CBC Archives Film Clip • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mB-AwGRZOIE • http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/federal-politics/scandals-boondoggles-and-white-elephants/canadas-first-political-scandal.html

11. Political Cartoons "I admit I took the money and bribed the electors with it. Is there anything wrong about that?"

12. MACKENZIE and that “Damned Railway” • Alexander Mackenziecame to power as Liberal Party leader in 1873 • Disagreed with Macdonald's vision of a nation linked by rail • Depression swept North America – railway too expensive and too much trouble • No rail construction during his administration

13. Dismay • BC’s Reaction to Mackenzie’s “do nothing” attitude: • Protested to Governor General Lord Dufferin, and talked of seceding (withdraw) from Confederation if promised railway did not get built So Mackenzie continued the railway but which route should it take?

14. Canadian Pacific Survey • Conducted by Sandford Fleming to investigate all possible routes for the railway. • Many debates  the “Battle of the Routes” Sir Sanford Fleming, inventor of Standard Time

15. The National Policy: a Recipe for Nation Building • Macdonald’s successful recovery from scandal • A formula for nation building and part of Canadian Govt policy into the 20th century

16. 1. A System of Protective Tariffs • Protection for eastern Canadian manufacturing industries from cheap American imports

17. 2. Western Settlement • Prairies to be settled to produce wheat for export • Farmers to form captive market for eastern Canadian goods thus further developing those manufacturing industries

18. CANADA

19. The Canadian Pacific Railway advertised free government land, and CPR transportation, in this Dutch-language poster ca.1890.

21. Canada’s century had barely begun She needed millions more people to share in the fun Of populating the prairies and building up steam For the Boastin’ bout the coast-to-coast Canadian dream! So in England and Norway, Holland and the Ukraine and in Germany and Greece the people heard the refrain Of Canada boosters with pure prairie pride Who sang a tuneful promise that could not be denied They said “why be a pauper, a peasant or slave? Why work for a landlord ‘til you’re in the grave? When in a garden of Eden across the great sea There’s 160 acres for you totally free! So why don’t you..... Leave your dirty crowded streets and be a king in Canada There’s an abundance of everything in Western Canada Where it’s never ever cold And the streets are paved with gold And you grow rutabagas bigger than a loaf of bread tomatoes bigger than a horse’s head Across the sea on a luxury cruise you’ll sail to Canada A smiling man will let you choose your land in Canada There’s milk and honey and a kitchen sink There’s never any bugs or drought and the farts don’t stink And you’ll grow wheat for eleven months every year grapes for your wine barley for your beer gold flakes floating in the atmosphere Step up and volunteer for your new career Grab your family and your sheepskin coat and find your rebirth In the only piece of paradise that’s left on the earth Manitoba and the Great Northwest are calling it’s true Cuz you need Canada and Canada needs you! Canada Needs You

22. 3. The Canadian Pacific Railway • CPR construction necessary for survival of Canada • Needed to bring settlers and goods to the West and export wheat • Vital link in British Empire trade • Could help transfer goods cheaply from Asia across Canada to Europe.

23. The CPR SYNDICATE… Macdonald makes them an offer they can’t refuse! • Macdonald promised: • $25 million • Land grant of 25 million acres • Monopoly on all rail traffic • Syndicate promised to complete the railway w/in 10 yrs A group of Canadian investors formed to fund the building of the CPR

24. Ain’t No Mountain High Enough • Had to find route through the Rocky mountains into BC • Railroad construction fell behind; only 230 kilometers laid before the first winter set in so Syndicate searched for a new general manager

25. Van Horne • An American, he was called “the ablest railway general in the world” brought in to oversee construction • Tried to reduce costs by building wooden trestles which were cheaper than metal. What was life like for a typical railway worker?

26. It was a Hard Knock Life • 30 000 men laid 1,000 miles of track • Poor living and dangerous working conditions: • Dust from dynamite blasts, insects • Bunk houses – over crowded, filthy, leaky roofs, and no plumbing • Unhealthy diet – few fresh fruits and vegetables during winter • No medical facilities or workman’s compensation – injured workers let go • Safety not a concern – descent twice as steep as safety allowed at Kicking Horse Pass • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o87MgkGAqeU

27. CPR “Saves the Nation” March, 1885 – Northwest Rebellion • Federal govt needed to get troops to the NW quickly • Soldiers had to walk the 4 gaps in the rail line • Van Horne efficiently gets first soldiers to Winnipeg in 5 days • With the CPR it appeared that the govt could react to a crisis quickly

28. CPR - A Quick Fix • People realized the need for a transportation link: • Thus financiers got more funds from Macdonald w/o looking foolish • July 10, 1885 govt funds saved the CPR from creditors • Fall of 1885 the transcontinental rail completed – 5 years ahead of schedule

29. The Last Spike • November 7, 1885 at Craigellachie, BC • Who is missing in this photograph? Why?

30. The Real Last Spike

31. Special Trains Funeral trains • Funeral train of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. • They would carry the remains of important people, such as prime ministers. • As the train would pass, mourners would be at certain spots to show respect. Two of the CPR's funeral trains are particularly well-known. Royal trains • Transported members of the Royal family when they toured Canada. • Their trains were elegantly decorated; some had amenities such as a post office and barber shop. • The CPR's most notable royal train was in 1939, when the CPR had the honour of giving King George VI and Queen Elizabeth a rail tour of Canada, from Quebec City to Vancouver.

32. Your Task diligent Students: • Start working on the questions from the Northwest Uprising booklet. • Political Cartoon Presenters for next • Mon – (1-3)Katherine/Kevin, (1-4) Michael/Amy • Wed – (1-3) Nathalie/Andrew , (1-4) Jordan/Therese

33. Political Cartoon Presentations • In your presentation you must identify: • the issue depicted in the cartoon • the cartoonist’s point of view on the issue and how you can tell • at least three techniques (exaggeration, captions, irony, symbolism, and shading) used by the cartoonists and explain how each is used to comment on the issue. • Use any Canadian newspaper (federal, provincial or municipal level) to find a political cartoon which you must bring to class on the day of your presentation.