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Searching for Frozen super Earth mass planet via microlensing.

Searching for Frozen super Earth mass planet via microlensing. Jean-Philippe Beaulieu, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris. PLANET/ROBONET collaboration. HOLMES : Hunting fOr Low Mass Extrasolar Planets Funded by Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France (2007-2011).

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Searching for Frozen super Earth mass planet via microlensing.

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  1. Searching for Frozen super Earth mass planet via microlensing. Jean-Philippe Beaulieu, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris PLANET/ROBONET collaboration HOLMES : Hunting fOr Low Mass Extrasolar Planets Funded by Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France (2007-2011) See also contributions by J. Donatowicz (TU Wien), S. Gaudi (Ohio)

  2. Target Field in the Central Galactic Bulge Galactic center Sun 8 kpc 1-7 kpc from Sun Light curve Source star and images Lens star and planet Observer Currently, OGLE-III and MOA-II

  3. Unveiling a planetary companion

  4. 1995 : No planet detected so far. Microlensing seemed to be a cool and easy Jupiter hunting method… Gould et Loeb 1992 : « Planets in a solar-like system positioned half-way to the Galactic center should leave a noticeable signature (magnification larger than 5 percent) on the light curve of a gravitationally lensed bulge star in about 20 percent of the microlensing events. »

  5. 1996, sensitivity to Earths depends on source size Earth mass planet signal is washed out for giant source stars If planetary Einstein Ring < source star disk: planetary microlensing effect is washed out (Bennett & Rhie 1996) For a typical bulge giant source star, the limiting mass is ~10 M For a bulge, solar type main sequence star, the limiting mass is ~ 0.1 M Need to monitor small stars to get low mass planets.

  6. Using high magnification events, Griest & Safizadeh 1998 « We show that by focusing on high-magnification events, the probability of detecting planets of Jupiter mass or greater in the lensing zone [(0.6     1.6)RE] is nearly 100%, with the probability remaining high down to Saturn masses and substantial even at 10 Earth masses. » Planetary caustic Detection ≠ characterization Central caustic

  7. Hunting for planets via microlensing Detecting real time microlensing event : OGLE-III and MOA 2 Detecting anomalies real time : Networks of telescopes to do 24 hours monitoring : PLANET/RoboNET, microFUN Accurate photometry (Image subtraction since 2006) Real time analysis and modeling OGLE-III has an online anomaly detector (EWS) MOA-II • Selecting microlensing event with good planet detection efficiency • Two schools : • Mainly high magnification events and alerted anomalies (microFUN) • Monitoring a larger number of events (PLANET/ROBONET) All data, models, are shared immediately among the microlensing community. Cooperation is the way to go ! .

  8. PLANET/ROBONET collaboration : Probing Lensing Anomaly NETwork (current members) http://planet.iap.fr Boyden 1.5m M. D. Albrow, J.P. Beaulieu, V. Batista, D. Bennett, D. Bramich, S. Brillant, J. A. R. Caldwell, H. Calitz, A Cassan, K. Cook, C. Coutures, M. Dominik, J. Donatowicz, D. Dominis, P. Fouqué, J. Greenhill, K. Hill, M. Hoffman, N. Kaens, K. Horne, F. Jablonski, U. Jorgensen, S. Kane, D. Kubas, R. Martin, E. Martioli, J. Menzies, P. Meintjes, K. R. Pollard, K. C. Sahu, Y. Tsapras,J. Wambsganss, A. Williams, M. Zub Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, INSU CNRS, Paris, France Univ. of Canterbury, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Christchurch, New Zealand South African Astronomical Observatory, South Africa Boyden Observatory, Bloemfountein, South Africa Canopus observatory, Univ. of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark Univ. of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, U.S.A. Perth Observatory, Perth, Australia

  9. PLANET/RoboNet SITES Boyden 1.5m ESO Danish 1.54m 2003-2008 Brazil 0.6m, 2007+ Sutherland, SAAO 1m 2002-2007+ Boyden, 1.5m, CCD 2006, 2007 Perth 0.6m 2002-2007+ Hobart 1m, 2002-2007+ Robonet : Liverpool 2m, Canary 2005+ Faulkes North 2m, Hawaii 2006+ Faulkes South 2m, Australia 2007+ Goals at each site : - ~1 % photometry, - Adapted Sampling rate - Online analysis.

  10. PLANET DATA PROCESSING SAAO Boyden Hobart Every day, homebase checks : data, light curve fits, BAP, StAndrews priorities algo, Choose strategy, sampling, … Alert the community if anomalies Chile Perth At each site : -relative photometry for all stars real time - keep an eye on light curve of prime target Data from all sites are uploaded to Paris (every ~10 min) : RoboNet

  11. 2006 season : 71 events observed by PLANET, 26 by RoboNet 12 events with Amplification > 40 : MOA 99, 137 OGLE 195, 221, 229, 245, 265, 416, 437, 440, 451 17 events with 40 > Amplification > 10 5 stellar binaries : MOA 3, OGLE 277, 284, 304, 335 9 Anomalous events : OGLE 38, 109, 207, 215, 238, 375, 398, 435, 450 2 variable sources : OGLE 357, 474 52 normal events

  12. CONTRAINTS ON EXTRA SOLAR PLANETS FROM SINGLE LENS Albrow et al., 1998

  13. Detection efficiencies Planphysique Plan (d,q) ► Diagrams computed for 1995-2005 events • Methods and Models • single lens/double lens • blending • finite source effects • ≈ 70+ diagrams computed so far • Combining them in a rigorous way to derive planet abundances. Cassan et al. In prep, coming soon…

  14. OGLE-2005-BLG-390 Coopération : PLANET/RoboNET, OGLE-III, MOA-II

  15. AT LAST, A TEXT BOOK MICROLENSING EVENT Gould Loeb 1992, Bennett & Rhie 1996, … Data in the anomaly from : PLANET-Danish, OGLE-III, MOA-II, PLANET-Perth Data outside the anomaly from : PLANET/Robonet, PLANET-Hobart

  16. PROBABILITY DENSITIES OF THE STAR AND ITS PLANET

  17. Detection probabities of a Jupiter or a 5.5 Earth mass In a OGLE-2005-BLG-390 like event

  18. A companion to this frozen super Earth ? Kubas et al., 2007 submitted Excluding at : 50 % Jupiter over 1.1-2.3 AU 70 % 3 Jupiter over 1.5-2.2 AU Core accretion models by Idal & Lin

  19. PLANET detection efficiencies Neptunes and super-Earth are much more common than Jupiters Same direction as the core accretion model predictions. Udalski et al., 2005 Bond et al., 2004 Gould et al., 2006 Beaulieu et al., 2006 Cassan, Kubas, Beaulieu et al., 2007 in prep

  20. DUNE-ML (Courtesy K. Horne)

  21. Current status of microlensing planet hunting OGLE-III, MOA-II and PLANET/ROBONET, MicroFUN • Network of telescopes, round the clock monitoring. • Frozen Super Earth are detectable from the ground by microlensing. • Much more common than gazeous giants. • Total cooperation between all teams. Coming out soon : Fractions from Jupiter to super Earth (combining 1995-2005 data) Microlensing 2007-2010 : Constraints on frozen super Earth. Microlensing 2011+ : EARTH HUNTER, DUNE-ML, MPF, … Talk by Scott Gaudi (Future microlensing projects)

  22. OGLE-2005-BLG-071 Led by OGLE & microFUN Close binary : d=0.758 q=6.7 10-3 Wide binary : d=1.294 q=7.1 10-3 M* ~ 0.45 Mo 5.2 ± 1.8 kpc 2.7 MJupiter a ~ 2.2 AU or3.7 AU

  23. Central caustic, Degeneracy d 1/d

  24. Sensitivity to Earths Depends on Source Size Earth mass planet signal is washed out for giant source stars Need to monitor small stars to get low mass planets !

  25. Ground-based confusion, space-based resolution • Main Sequence stars are not resolved from the ground • Systematic photometry errors for unresolved main sequence stars cannot be overcome with deeper exposures (i.e. a large ground-based telescope). • High Resolution + large field + 24hr duty cycle

  26. 2007 should be fun ! HOLMES Hunting fOr Low Mass Extrasolar Planets Funded by Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France (2007-2011)

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