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Clinical Phonetics

Clinical Phonetics. Disorders. Articulation Disorders vs. Phonological Disorders. Methods of evaluation. Standardized tests Consonants Consonant clusters Sometimes vowels Spontaneous connected speech. Analyzing results. Misarticulations /articulation errors Phoneme to phoneme analysis

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Clinical Phonetics

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  1. Clinical Phonetics

  2. Disorders • Articulation Disorders vs. • Phonological Disorders

  3. Methods of evaluation • Standardized tests • Consonants • Consonant clusters • Sometimes vowels • Spontaneous connected speech

  4. Analyzing results • Misarticulations/articulation errors • Phoneme to phoneme analysis • Types of errors/categories • Substitution • Addition • Omission • Distortion • Manner, place and voicing categories

  5. Phonological development • Disparity of Findings • Socioeconomic • Number of subjects • Method of speech sampling • Determining mastery – the age at which a particular phoneme is produced with some degree of accuracy (75-100% or 90-100%) • Customary Production – the age at which a particular phoneme is produced with greater than 50% accuracy in at least two word positions. • Gender of subjects • Dialects

  6. Developmental findings • 90% mastery of several phonemes occurs by 3 • Master of English phonemes may not be complete until 7-9 years • Manner – nasal, stops acquired first, then glides, fricatives, liquids and affricates • Place – front (labial/alverolar) produced first, then velar and palatal.

  7. Phonological process • Based on Natural Phonology theory – young children are born with innate processes necessary for the production of speech. • They often simplify the adult form. • As they mature, they learn to suppress the processes, and produce the appropriate form

  8. Phonological Processes • Simplification of adult speech patterns • As children mature they learn to suppress these processes • Child is not viewed as not having a sound in his phonetic inventory, but as using a process that results in the deletion of that sound • Are found in typically developing children

  9. Phonological Processes • Categories • Syllable structure processes • Substitution processes • Assimilatory processes

  10. Phonological Processes • Table 7.2

  11. Syllable Structure Processes • Syllables are simplified, usually into a consonant-vowel (CV) pattern • CV patterns among the first to be used by infants

  12. Syllable Structure Processes • Weak syllable deletion • Weak syllable is omitted when it precedes or follows a stressed syllable • Final consonant deletion • Final consonant is deleted • Patten becomes open syllable (CV) • Children start to use final consonants by 3:0 • Process suppressed by 3:6

  13. Syllable Structure Processes • Reduplication • Repetition of a syllable of a word • Total reduplication – entire syllable • Partial reduplication – repetition of just a consonant or vowel • Suppressed before 3:0 • Cluster reduction • Deletion of a consonant from a consonant cluster • If three sounds in consonant cluster then one or two may be deleted • Suppressed at 4:0

  14. Substitution Processes • The replacement of one class of phonemes for another

  15. Substitution Processes • Stopping • Substitution of a stop for a fricative or affricate • Common because stops are acquired before fricatives • Usually for a stop produced with the same or similar place of articulation • May have a change in voicing • Suppressed by 2:6 to 5:0

  16. Substitution Processes • Stopping • Fricative/affricate Substitute stop • /s,,, /t/ • ,,, /d/ •  /p/ •  /b/

  17. Substitution Processes • Fronting • Substitution of velar and palatal consonants with alveolar place of articulation • Suppressed by 2:6 to 3:0

  18. Substitution Processes • Fronting • Velar Alveolar • /k/ /t/ • /g/ /d/ • // /n/ • Palatal Alveolar • // /s/ • // /ts/ • // /z/ • // /dz/

  19. Substitution Processes • Deaffrication • Substitution of fricative for an affricate • Gliding • Substitution of glides /w/ or /j/ for liquid /l/ and /r/ • Suppressed by 5:0 +

  20. Substitution Processes • Vocalization • Substitution of a vowel for postvocalic /l/ or /r/ • Common in words with • /l/, • syllabic /l/ • stressed and unstressed shwars • Vowels substituted • // • // • //, //

  21. Assimilatory Processes • Alteration in phoneme production due to phonetic environment – Assimilation • Assimilatory processes • Labial • Velar • Nasal • Voicing • Types • Progressive • Regressive • Not present in all typically developing children • Suppressed by 3:0

  22. Assimilatory Processes • Labial assimilation • Nonlabial phoneme is produced with a labial place due to presence of labial phoneme in word • Alveolar assimilation • Nonalveolar is produced with an alveolar place of articulation due to presence of alveolar phoneme in the word

  23. Assimilatory Processes • Velar assimilation • Nonvelar phoneme is produced with a velar place of articulation due to presence of velar phoneme in the word • Voicing assimilation • Prevocalic • Voicing of a normally unvoiced consonant • When consonant precedes the nucleus of a syllable • Devoicing • Syllable final voiced phonemes that either • Precede a pause or silence between words, or • Occur at the end of an utterance • Final phoneme assimilates to the silence following the word

  24. Phonological Processes • May occur individually or in combination • More than one process may affect the pronunciation of any phoneme • June to /dun/ (deaffrication, stopping and fronting) • Not all processes occur in typically developing children

  25. Common Phonological Processes • Most common in typically developing children • Weak syllable deletion • Final consonant deletion • Gliding • Cluster reduction

  26. Suppression • Suppression does not happen all at once • Most processes disappear by the age of 4 • Suppressed by the age of three • Weak syllable deletion • Final consonant deletion • Reduplication • Fronting • Consonant assimilation • Prevocalic voicing

  27. Suppression • Suppressed after the age of three • Cluster reduction • Gliding • Vocalization • Stopping • Final devoicing

  28. Phonological Disorders • Children may display same types of processes • Processes may be suppressed later

  29. Processes common to children with phonological disorders • Cluster reduction • Weak syllable deletion • Final consonant deletion • Stopping • Velar and palatal fronting • Voicing processes • Labial, nasal and velar assimilation • Liquid simplification (combination of gliding and vocalization)

  30. Idiosyncratic Processes • Processes not usually found in the speech of typically developing children • Glottal replacement –glottal stop for consonant • Backing –velar stop consonant for more anterior consonants • Usually involves alveolar and palatals, but may include labials • Initial consonant deletion • Stops replacing glide • Fricatives replacing a stop

  31. Independent analysis • Inventory of phonemes produced by client • Syllable shapes (open/closed syllables, consonant clusters in initial/final position) • Combination of consonants and vowels (CV, CVC) • Word shapes (# of syllables) • Stress patterns

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