Domain III Life Science

1. Domain III Life Science

2. Cells Unicellular Organisms – one cell Example: Bacteria, some Protists Multicellular Organisms – more than one cell Example: All animals and plants. These organisms are arranged in levels of organization:

3. Organisms Organ systems Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules Atoms Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons Alive Not Alive

4. Make it simple: all organisms must metabolize energy, reproduce, grow, move, respond, and generally have complex organization. Cell Theory states: All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Characteristics of living organisms and the Cell Theory

5. Prokaryotic Cells • Simple cellular organization with no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. • Example: Bacteria • Diseases caused by bacteria: Cholera, diphtheria, Dysentery, Tetanus, MRSA, Strep Throat, Tooth Decay.

6. Eukaryotic Cells Domain: Eukarya Found in 4 kingdoms • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia (Cell Shown)

7. Eukaryotic Cells – Complex Cellular Organization Eukaryote= True nucleus Organelles: • Nucleus – DNA/Chromosomes • Rough ER – Protein Synthesis (ribosomes attached) • Smooth ER – lipids synthesis • Golgi Apparatus – packaging & shipping • Mitochondria – ATP production • Ribosomes – Protein Synthesis • Peroxisome – involved in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and degradation

8. Polypeptide chain Ribosomes Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis… a.k.a. translation Ribosomes are Not membrane-bound Bacteria have them Too!

9. Animal Cells: Lysosomes – contain digestive enzymes. Centrioles – used in cellular division. Plant Cells: Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis Cell Wall – formed of proteins and cellulose and lies outside of the plasma membrane Vacuole – huge storage compartment for water and starch What is unique to:

10. Questions for you to answer #1 • What is a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? A. Eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane and therefore a nucleus. B. Organelles are found only in prokaryotes. C. The cells of prokaryotes only contain cytoplasm. D. Prokaryotes contain an endoplasmic reticulum.

11. Question 2 A disease not caused by bacteria A. Tetanus B. Strep Throat C. Dysentery D. HIV

12. Question 3 Match the function to the organelle: Ribosome A. Packaging Mitochondria B. Lipid Synthesis Smooth ER C. Protein Synthesis Golgi Apparatus D. Cellular Respiration

13. Question 3 Match the function to the organelle: Ribosome A. Packaging Mitochondria B. Lipid Synthesis Smooth ER C. Protein Synthesis Golgi Apparatus D. Cellular Respiration C D B A

14. Membrane Structure: Phospholipid Bilayer Glycolipidsact as surface receptors and stabilize the membrane. Glycoproteinsplay an important role in cellular recognition and immune responses. They help stabilize the membrane structure. Some proteins, called peripheral proteins, are stuck to the surface of the membrane. Some proteins completely penetrate the phospholipid layer, allow specific molecules through.

15. In’N’Out: No energy required: Passive Transport – relies on thermal energy of matter and the cell does not work (No energy “ATP” used – High Concentration to Low Concentration). Four types: • Diffusion (usually solutes) • Facilitated Diffusion – membrane enzyme carries the substance • Osmosis – diffusion of WATER across a semi-permeable membrane (usually solvent due to solute concentration) • Bulk flow – movement of fluids affected by pressure.

16. Cellular Transport Active Transport – Requires energy – • Membrane Pumps – moves materials opposite to diffusion or against the gradient. • Endocytosis – Two types: • Phagocytosis – solids (phag= eat) • Pinocytosis – liquids (pino= drink) • Exocytosis – expel materials from the cell

17. 1 Materials that are to be collected and brought into the cell are engulfed by an invagination of the plasma membrane. 3 Plasma membrane 2 Vesicle buds off from the plasma membrane. The vesicle carries molecules into the cell. The contents may then be digested by enzymes delivered to the vacuole by lysosomes. Cell cytoplasm ENDOCYTOSIS (exocytosis is pretty much the opposite)

18. Question 4 The use of transport vesicles and energy to move large solid materials into a cell is called? A. Bulk Flow B. Exocytosis C. Phagocytosis D. Osmosis

19. Question 5 Which of the following is an example of osmosis? A. The movement of ions from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. B. The movement of ions from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. C. The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. D. The movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration.

20. Question 6 What happens to a cell when particles move out of the cell through facilitated diffusion? A. The cell gains energy. B. The cell uses energy. C. No energy change takes place. D. The cell produces energy.

21. Light Water and nutrients(via the roots) 6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Chlorophyll Sunlight Oxygen gas(through stomata) Photosynthesis Sugar(to rest of the plant) Carbon dioxide gas(through stomata)

22. Photosynthesis Equation:“follow the money”, I mean “carbon”

23. Photosynthesis – First Stage Light Dependent Reactions: The captured light energy is transferred to electrons that come from H2O and O2 is the byproduct. ATP is produced

24. Second Stage of Photosynthesis: Light Independent Reactions: Energized electrons are transferred to CO2 to form glucose in the Calvin Cycle. Autotrophs use the energy from the sun to make organic compounds and are the basis of all terrestrial and most aquatic food chains.

25. Cellular Respiration Highly energized electrons stored temporarily in glucose are removed (oxidation reactions) in a stepwise fashion to maximize energy captured at each step (and avoid blowing things up). All organisms must use energy and the energy is in the form of ATP.

26. Mitochondrial matrix Cristae Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION The inner membrane of the mitochondria GLYCOLYSIS The cytoplasm Glucose ➙Pyruvate KREBS CYCLE Matrix of the mitochondria ATP ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Mitochondrion 6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

27. ATP Structure O- O- N O- NH2 Adenine C C H C O- P P P O O O C N N O O O H C N Ribose Adenine Phosphate groups CH2 O H H H H OH OH Ribose The chemical structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and a space filling molecule (right). Phosphate groups

28. Stage 1: Glycolysis • Anaerobic process in the cytoplasm in which glucose is oxidized to two pyruvates. Both pyruvates are 3-Carbon. • All organisms complete glycolysis using enzymes.

29. Acetyl Coenzyme A Carbon dioxide CoA Acetyl (2 carbons) Oxaloacetate (4 carbons) Citrate (6 carbons) 2 carbons (as CO2) Step 2: Krebs Cycle • Occurs in the Mitochondria • Aerobic process that oxidizes pyruvate to CO2 and H+ are released to Hydrogen acceptor molecules.

30. H2O (water) H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ e- e- e- e- 2H + ½O2 (oxygen) FADH2 Inter-membrane space High H+ concentration NADH + H+ NAD+ FAD Mitochondrial matrix Low H+ concentration Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain “oxidative phosphorylation” • Electrons from the hydrogen are used to create a chemical gradient resulting in an osmotic gradient that is used to resynthesize ATP from ADP + 1P • After electrons are used they are transferred to Oxygen to form H2O.

31. Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

32. Question 7 What two products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration? A. Glucose and oxygen B. Glucose and water C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide D. Sunlight and oxygen

33. Question 8 In what stage of photosynthesis is the molecule CO2 fixed in to the energy molecule glucose? A. Glycolysis B. Krebs Cycle C. Calvin Cycle D. Light Dependent Reactions

34. Question 9 Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in all organisms under anaerobic conditions? A. Glycolysis B. Krebs Cycle C. Electron Transport Chain D. Calvin Cycle

35. Question 10 What organelles are the locations of the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? A. Chloroplast and Ribosomes B. Chloroplast and Golgi Apparatus C. Chloroplast and Endoplasmic Reticulum D. Chloroplast and Mitochondria

36. DNA and RNA Chromosomes, Genes, and Protein Synthesis

37. DNA RNA Strands Double Single Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Bases Guanine Guanine Cytosine Cytosine Thymine Uracil Adenine Adenine • Structural differences between DNA and RNA include:

38. DNA

40. RNA - Facts RNA is a single strand with sugar – phosphate repeating units that is coded directly from a gene on the DNA molecule. There are three types of RNA molecules: Messenger RNA (mRNA) – coded from the DNA carrying the sequence for a protein. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes and contains the anticodon sequence Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – located in the ribosomes and helps bind the other two types of RNA during protein synthesis.

41. DNA Replication(Semiconservative) • allows cells to pass genetic information on to offspring. • Errors in the process results in mutations. • Remember A – T and G – C. The letter “C” fits into The letter “G”… like they are cuddling. Mnemonic

42. Parent strand of DNA is used as a template to match nucleotides for the new strand Free nucleotides are used to construct the new DNA strand The new strand of DNA is constructed using the parent strand as a template • DNA is unwound by an enzyme, DNA helicase. • Newpieces of DNA are formed from free nucleotide units joined together by enzymes. • The free nucleotides (yellow) are matched up to complementary nucleotides in the original strand by DNA polymerase. • Each new strand winds with its template strand into two new DOUBLE HELIXES…. SEMI-CONSERVATIVE

43. Question 11 The functional unit of both DNA and RNA is the nucleotide. What comprises the nucleotide? A. Sugar, Protein, and a Base B. Sugar, Phosphate, and a Base C. Sugar, Protein, and a Ribosome D. Sugar, Phosphate, and a Ribosome

44. Question 12 Which sequence of bases will pair with the base sequence CTAGGATTC in a DNA molecule? A. GATCCTAAG B. ATGTTGCCA C. CTAGGATTC D. GAATCCTAG

45. Question 13 The enzyme responsible for the attaching of new nucleotides to form new strands during DNA replication is? A. DNA helicase B. DNA pairase C. DNA polymerase D. DNA replicase

46. Question 14 Which RNA molecule has the anticodon sequence? A. Messenger B. Transfer C. Ribosomal D. DNA

47. Protein Synthesis – 2 steps Transcription – nucleus DNA  mRNA Translation – cytoplasm mRNA  rRNA  tRNA  protein

48. TAC on the template DNA strand Polypeptide chain Polypeptide chain Functional protein Amino acids Protein synthesis: transcription and translation A triplet codes for one amino acid This polypeptide chain forms the other part of the functional protein. This polypeptide chain forms one part of the functional protein. START STOP START STOP Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet Triplet 3 ' 5 ' In models of nucleic acids, nucleotides are denoted by their base letter. DNA Gene Gene Transcription unit Three nucleotides make up a triplet Nucleotide GENE to PROTEIN RELATIONSHIP

49. Reverse transcription Translation Transcription Protein DNA mRNA Structural? Regulatory? Contractile? Immunological? Transport? Catalytic? • The central dogma of molecular biology for the past 50 years has stated that genetic information, encoded in DNA, is transcribed into molecules of RNA, which are then translated into the amino acid sequences that make up proteins. This simple view is still useful. • The nature of a protein determines its role in the cell. • Reverse transcription is carried out by some RNA viruses.It converts viral RNA into DNA, whichis incorporated into the host’s genome. Amino acid tRNA

50. Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. DNA nucleotide sequence  mRNA Steps: • Messenger (m)RNA is copied from DNA, by unzipping a portion of the DNA helix that corresponds to a gene using RNA polymerase. • Only one side of the DNA will be transcribed, and nucleotides with the proper bases (A with U and C with G) will be sequenced to build mRNA. • mRNA leaves the nucleus.