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Systematics, Tree Thinking and Phylogenetics

Systematics, Tree Thinking and Phylogenetics. Some Vocabulary…. Systematics – The study of how living organisms (both present and past) diversify and how they are related to each other over time.

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Systematics, Tree Thinking and Phylogenetics

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  1. Systematics, Tree Thinking and Phylogenetics

  2. Some Vocabulary… • Systematics – The study of how living organisms (both present and past) diversify and how they are related to each other over time. • Phylogenetics – The study of relationships among organisms based on genetic sequence data and morphometric studies. • Cladistics – A system of classifying organisms into clades (an ancestor and its descendants) • Phylogenetic Trees – Also known as phylogenies or cladograms, these are how evolutionary relationships are displayed, visually.

  3. Tree Thinking Image from Tree-Thinking.org

  4. Phylogenetic Trees, CSI and You

  5. Okay…I know what a family tree is, but what is aphylogenetic tree?!?

  6. Phylogenetic Trees are Maps of Relationships

  7. Phylogenetic Trees

  8. Phylogenetic Trees

  9. Trees Can Have Several Different Appearances

  10. Phylogenetic Trees From On The Origin of Species

  11. The American Biology Teacher Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 223-4, 2010

  12. Single color allows single lineage to be traced • Bendable to allow construction of different types of trees (square, curved, angled) • Easy to identify roots, nodes, common ancestors • Easily demonstrate rotation about nodes • CHEAP, simple and fun!

  13. Question: If you wanted to construct a phylogeny (i.e., demonstrate the relationships of several organisms to each other visually), how would you go about doing it?

  14. Morphology (The study of forms, structures, shapes, etc. of organisms)

  15. Genetic Sequence Data U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis

  16. The human 18S gene

  17. The frog 18S gene

  18. Comparing human and frog Humans and Frogs are 94% similar!

  19. How do I build a phylogenetic tree? It must be hard…

  20. A Walk Through The Woods…

  21. ABD D B E ABE ACF F C G ACG A

  22. The Rules of the Walk… • All hikers must complete the hike. They cannot stop part of the way down a path. • When the path branches, it only branches into two new paths, never three or more. • Once two paths have branched off from one another, they can never reunite. • Check-in stations are located along straightaways between the branching points.

  23. QUESTION:How could a phylogenetic tree be used by the CSI team?

  24. Phylogenetic analysis can be used to trace viral infections through a human population D. Hillis, Univ. of Texas

  25. p a t i e n t . a p a t i e n t . b v i c t i m . a v i c t i m . b p a t i e n t . c Transmission from patient to victim p a t i e n t . d p a t i e n t . e p a t i e n t . f p a t i e n t . g L A 0 8 . R T L A 0 2 . R T L A 0 5 . R T L A 3 2 . R T L A 0 6 . R T L A 1 2 . R T L A 1 8 . R T L A 3 0 . R T L A 2 7 . R T L A 2 3 . R T L A 0 7 . R T L A 2 8 . R T L A 2 5 . R T L A 0 4 . R T L A 2 1 . R T Phylogenetic evidence: polsequences L A 2 4 . R T L A 2 2 . R T L A 1 3 . R T L A 3 1 . R T L A 1 4 . R T L A 1 7 . R T L A 2 9 . R T L A 2 6 . R T Metzker et al., 2002 (PNAS 99:14292-14297) L A 1 0 . R T L A 1 6 . R T

  26. Schmidt was convicted of attempted murder; currently serving term of 50 years of hard labor • First use of phylogenetic analysis in U.S. criminal case • Phylogenetics can be used to trace infections of human pathogens among individuals D. Hillis, Univ. of Texas

  27. In Summary… Evolution not only teaches us fundamentally important things about the diversity of life on (and beyond?) Earth, but can be applied to many different everyday situations to improve our quality of life.

  28. Questions?

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