Download
1 / 70
700 likes | 913 Views
Freewrite Microtheme. On a piece of paper, with your name & date on it, write 80-100 words on: an event that lasted no more than 5 minutes . . . that brought you either pain or sadness OR pleasure or joy See next slide for example .
E N D
FreewriteMicrotheme • On a piece of paper, with your name & date on it, write 80-100 words on: • an event that lasted no more than 5 minutes . . . • that brought you either • pain or sadness OR • pleasure or joy See next slide for example
Estimate total word count by counting the number of words on your first line and multiplying that by the number of lines. For example, this essay is 9 x 10 ≈ 90. [actual count = 96] Martha Bianco Microtheme #1 10/3/08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I received a phone call from my aunt, saying, “Martha, Uncle Alan is dead.” “What?” I responded, in shock. And she went on to explain that he had been sick with some disease for a long time. I had not even had any idea he was sick! But apparently, they had seen this coming, as he had been ill with a lung disease for a very long time. I was so shocked that my aunt said, “Martha? Hello? Are you there?” I didn’t even know how to respond, because I had not known he was ill.
Week 2 Grammar: Subjects, Verbs, andTypes of Sentences
Grammar Warm Up Activity
Subject and Verb • The verbindicates an action • Carolyn speaks Spanish. • or state of being • Carolyn is Mexican.
Focus on the Subject • The subject tells who or whatis doing the action: • Carolyn speaks Spanish. • or being something • Carolyn is Mexican.
To find the simple subject . . . • Ask who or what is doing or being something. • Mike’s expertise at the Halo videogame series was something all of his friends admired. • Mike’s expertise at the Halo videogame series was something all of his friends admired.
Common Nouns as Subject. . . • animals, plants, things, qualities, ideas • The dog barks too much. • Her petunias almost died. • That table is crowded. • Fairness is an important virtue. • Happiness can be difficult to achieve.
Proper Nouns asSubjects • Specific people, places, things, concepts • Little Sparky barks too much. • Beautiful Springfieldis losing population. • When October begins, the air is cool. • The girls and John decided to play.
Personal Pronouns as Subjects • Personal pronounsstand for specific persons or things: • The dog barks too much. • It barks too much. • Her petunias almost died. • They almost died. • Beautiful Springfieldis losing population. • It is losing population.
Personal Pronouns as Subject. . . • Personal pronounsstand forspecific persons or things: • John called the girls. • He called the girls. • The girls and John decided to play. • They decided to play. • Anne and I ate lunch. • We ate lunch.
Indefinite Pronouns as Subject. . . • Indefinite pronounsstand for general persons or things: • Each of them contributed some money. • Everybody gave their most. • Nobody thought to call. • Somebody arrived late.
Relative Pronouns as Subjects • Subject form of a relative pronoun stands alone. • Otherwise, it’s an adjective. • This is my friend. These are my friends. • This friend is mine. These friends are mine. • That is your dog. Those are your dogs. • That dog is yours. Those dogs are yours.
Question Pronouns asSubjects • Whois my friend? • Whichis your dog? • What are your favorite songs? • Whose is that?
Single vs. Compound Simple Subject • Single subject • My friend brought a present. • Compound subject • My friend and I have much in common. • Jane, Susan, and Maria met for lunch.
The implied “you” in a command: Read the notes. = (You) Read the notes. Please have a seat. = (You) Please have a seat.
Subject-verb separation • Interrupter (prepositional phrase) may separate subject from verb preposition • in the student in the back • of a friend of mine • on the book on the table • at the price at the bookstore • for a poem for my friend object of the preposition preposition object of the preposition
Object of preposition can’t be subject • The student in the back raised her hand. • The studentin the back raised her hand. • A friend of mine has the same shirt. • A friendof mine has the same shirt. • The book on the table belongs to me. • The bookon the table belongs to me. • The price at the bookstore is higher. • The priceat the bookstore is higher. • A poem for my friend is a nice gift. • A poemfor my friend is a nice gift.
Filler words “Here” and “There” are not subjects! • There were birds in the tree. • There is a nest in the tree. • Here are the birds in their nest. There and Here are never subjects!
Stop and Practice Exercises 1 & 2, p. 44
Verb Phrases • Single verb: • He led the charge. • Verb phrasesuse helping verbs: is•can•has•did•may •should (etc.) • She isleading the charge. • He can drive to work. • They did giveto the charity.
Compound verbs are joined byconnector words likeandoror • He studiedorworked all his adult life. • She worked for twenty-five years andretired. • Elena had immigrated to the U.S. andhad raised a family.
Don’t confuse verbs with verbals! • Verbals look like verbs – but aren’t! • Gerund = verb + ing: singing, laughing • Singingis fun. Singing = noun • Infinitive = to + verb: to be, to sing • Iwant to sing. To sing = noun
Don’t confuse verbswithverbals! • Present participle = verb + ing: breaking • Welistened for breaking glass. Breaking = adjective • Past participle = verb + ed, en, etc.: broken • Wecleaned up the broken glass. Broken = adjective
Words like never,not, and hardlyareadverbs, not verbs... • We never eat dessert before dinner. • Wenevereat dessert before dinner. • I do not like lima beans. • Idonotlike lima beans. • They hardly knew Aunt Mary. • Theyhardlyknew Aunt Mary. The adverb “not” often separates a helping verb from the main verb.
Stop and Practice Exercises 3 & 4, p. 47
Subjects may follow verbs: • Birdswere in the tree. • Therewerebirds in the tree. • Thereis a nest in the tree. • Hereare the birds in their nest. There and Here are never subjects!
In questions, the subject often comes between parts of verb phrase • Where had the defendantgone on that fateful night? • Doyoulikechocolate?
For sentence variety and writing style, subjects may come after verbs • “I am innocent!” cried the defendant. • Quietly into the night gowe.
Stop and Practice Exercises 5 & 6, p. 48-49 Review 1 & 2, p. 51-53 Microtheme: Underline subjects and circle verbs in the first two sentences. Put your name on your paper and turn in!
What is a Sentence? • A group of words that • has a subject + verb • starts with a capital letter • ends with a period (.), question mark (?), or exclamation mark (!) • makes sense on its own (with no added words)
correct sentences or not? Why? • A Starbucks just opened in our neighborhood. • did it just open. • The manager who asked about parking. • A brand-new Starbucks! • It did? • Time on our hands. • The overtired baseball team finished its practice. • While you were sleeping on the couch. • The idea you had. • Sit.
What is a Phrase? • A group of words either • Without a subject and/or verb or • With a subject and verb but makes no sense
PHRASES OR COMPLETE SENTENCES? • The dog in the back yard continues to bark. • The dog, who is in the back yard, barks. • John, running down the street. • John ran down the street. • The final pages of the book. • The supervisor liked what he saw. • Hurrying away from the car. • About the future. • Worries about the future. • We worry about the future.
What is a Clause? • A group of words that has a subject and a verb
What is an Independent Clause? • Independent clause (aka “Main Clause”): • Has a subject and verb • Stands on its own • Makes sense by itself • Susan began using a spell checker. • John used a spell checker, too.
What is a Dependent Clause? • Dependent clause (aka “Subordinate Clause”): • Has a subject and verb (or verbal), but • Cannot stand on its own • Doesn’t makes sense by itself • Depends on another group of words to make sense • Because she was having trouble with her spelling. • Although he was a good speller.
Independent or dependent? • While you are waiting. • You might want to look at this magazine. • The project is really exciting. • Although the tasks seem boring. • The client rang the bell. • Because she wanted faster service. • As soon as the mail arrives. • I’ll see if the check is there. • If you can come. • Call me.
Simple AND COMPOUND Sentences • Simple sentence • Consists of one independent clause: • Susan was having trouble with her spelling. • John used a spell checker, too.
Simple AND COMPOUND Sentences • Compound sentence • Consists of two or more independent clauses: • Susan was having trouble with her spelling, so she began to use a spell checker. • John was a good speller, but he used a spell checker, too.
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONAS • FANBOYS • For •And • Nor • But • Or • Yet • So
Simple or compound? Circle coordinating conjunctions: • My boss dictates the memo, and Marlene types it. • We filled out the correct forms. • He hasn’t called me, nor has he written. • He hasn’t called nor written. • She left work early, for she was not feeling well. • She wasn’t feeling well when she left work early. • She wasn’t feeling well, so she left work early. • Our customers can wait in line. • They can order over the phone. • They can wait in line, or they can order over the phone.
Complex Sentences • One or more dependent clauses+ one independent clause • Because she was having trouble with her spelling, Susan began using a spell checker. • Although he was a good speller, John used a spell checker, too.
Complex Sentences • Dependent clause beings with a subordinating conjunction. Examples:
Complex Sentences? Underline any dependent clauses & circle subordinating conjunctions: • Please plan to fill out some forms before you see the doctor. • We want to serve you better, so we have a toll-free number. • Although it was raining, the picnic was held outside. • It was raining, and the picnic was held inside. • The contract expired on December 31. • With that résumé, you will definitely find a job! • I wasn’t planning to come because you don’t want me to. • Come to my office after you finish the report. • Stay in your office to finish the report. • We’ll be ready when the time comes.
Stop and Practice Exercises 6 - 9, p. 62-63 Review 1, 2 & 3 p. 67-69
