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ANIMALIA

ANIMALIA. Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus classification: 2 Kingdoms (mid-1700s) Whittaker classification: 5 Kingdoms (1959). ANIMALIA. Woese classification: 3 Domains, many Kingdoms (1990); Figs. 26.21, 27.16. ANIMALIA. Eukarya: Opisthokonta: Animalia

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ANIMALIA

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  1. ANIMALIA • Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia • Linnaeus classification: 2 Kingdoms (mid-1700s) • Whittaker classification: 5 Kingdoms (1959)

  2. ANIMALIA • Woese classification: 3 Domains, many Kingdoms (1990); Figs. 26.21, 27.16

  3. ANIMALIA • Eukarya: Opisthokonta: Animalia • one of many descendant clades of ancestral eukaryote • multicellular fungi and at least two unicellular protist groups are close relatives; Figs. 31.8 • multicellularity evolved at least twice within eukaryotes

  4. ANIMALIA • Kingdom Animalia (= Metazoa) • multicellular • around 35 phyla (plural of Phylum) • all but 1 invertebrates (no “backbone”) • 9 phyla in this course • represent major clades • represent characters that include some of the major evolutionary changes

  5. ANIMALIA • what is an animal? • monophyletic taxon; Hox genes (positional info during development: what body parts go where) • multicellular; permits large size • heterotrophic: ingestion • eat other organisms (live/dead) using a mouth • structural proteins support; not cell walls

  6. ANIMALIA • diploid (2n) stage dominates life cycle • motile sperm, nonmotile egg • most have muscle, nerve cells • incredible variations on a few basic body plans • Fig. 32.10

  7. ANIMALIA • deep time: major diversification between 535-525 mya (in Cambrian Period); Table 25.1

  8. ANIMALIA • competing phylogenetic hypotheses • morphological (= anatomical), developmental (= embryological) characters; Fig. 32.10 • molecular characters, some morph/dev; Fig. 32.11

  9. ANIMALIA • debate between Fig. 32.10 & 32.11: homologous vs. homoplasous • research is continuing • basic body plan characters

  10. TISSUES • group of similar cells; common structure/function (e.g. leaf epidermal cells, cardiac muscle cells) • absence vs. presence: non-Eumetazoa vs. Eumetazoa • "Phylum" Porifera: sponges • Eumetazoa: "true animals"; us

  11. SYMMETRY • 2 types; Fig. 32.7 • radial: multiple planes through central axis gives mirror image • bilateral: only one plane through central axis gives mirror image • bilateral: right, left sides

  12. SYMMETRY • Phylum Cnidaria (hydras, jellies, corals); eumetazoans with radial symmetry • Bilateria: all other Eumetazoa; us

  13. GERM LAYERS • germ: something serving as an origin • # of germ (body) layers • 3 types: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm; Fig. 32.8 • Cnidaria: 2 (diploblastic: ectoderm & endoderm) • Bilateria: 3 (triploblastic: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)

  14. BODY CAVITY • coelom (hollow): a body cavity • no coelom (acoelomates); Fig. 32.8 • Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • pseudocoelom (pseudocoelomates): coelom not totally lined by mesoderm • Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) • coelom (coelomates): coelom totally lined by mesoderm • 5 other Phyla (of 9)

  15. MOUTH ORIGIN • early embryonic development; Fig. 32.2 • zygote initially undergoes cleavage • cleavage: mitosis without cell growth • blastula: hollow ball; blastocoel • gastrulation: involves infolding • gastrula: germ layers • archenteron: embryonic gut • blastopore: opening into archenteron

  16. MOUTH ORIGIN • blastopore becomes mouth; Fig. 32.9 • protostome: first mouth • Phylum Mollusca (clams, snails, squids) • Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) • Phylum Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)

  17. MOUTH ORIGIN • mouth from secondary opening in gastrula • deuterostome: second mouth • Phylum Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins) • Phylum Chordata (tunicates, lancelets, vertebrates; us)

  18. COELOM FORMATION • protostomes or deuterostomes; Fig. 32.9 • coelom formation in gastrula; mesoderm • protostomes: schizocoelous; “split” • mesoderm splits; forms the coelomic cavities • deuterostomes: enterocoelous; “gut” • mesoderms buds off the archenteron to form coelomic cavities

  19. CLEAVAGE TYPE • two components of cleavage; Fig. 32.9 • 1. spiral or radial cleavage • spiral: cell division plane diagonal to embryo's vertical axis; cells offset • radial: cell division plane both parallel and perpendicular to embryo's vertical axis; cells not offset

  20. CLEAVAGE FATE • 2. determinate or indeterminate cleavage • determinate: fate of embryonic cell determined early • indeterminate: fate of embryonic cell determined later; identical twins • protostomes: spiral, determinate • deuterostomes: radial, indeterminate

  21. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES • Figs. 32.10, 32.11 • some groups the same • Animalia, Eumetazoa monophyletic • Deuterostomia monophyletic, but differences in membership • presence/type of coelom is homoplasous in 32.11

  22. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY • defined by shared derived homologous gene sequences • Lophotrochozoa; Fig. 32.13 • lophophore: feeding structure • trochophore: larval stage • Ecdysozoa; Fig. 32.12 • secrete exoskeletons • ecdysis: shed/molt; necessary to grow

  23. SUMMARY • think about where the homologous characters would map; concept Fig. 32.4 page 665 • tissues: absent or present • symmetry: radial or bilateral • germ layers: 2 or 3 • coelom type: acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, or coelomate • protostome or deuterostome • mouth origin: blastopore or secondary opening • coelom formation: schizocoelous or enterocoelous • cleavage: spiral or radial, determinate or indeterminate

  24. ANIMAL PHYLA • key adaptations; structure and function • acquire/distribute oxygen, water, food • get rid of wastes (CO2, metabolic) • sense the environment • respond to the environment • movement • protection • reproduce

  25. PORIFERA • "Phylum" Porifera (sponges); lecture links

  26. PORIFERA • most marine; many live with coral reefs • no fixed body shape, no symmetry • multicellular: specialized cells, but no true tissues • cellular interdependencies, but loose coordination • very successful: complexity of form not necessary for evolutionary success

  27. PORIFERA ANATOMY • Fig. 33.4 • choanocytes: flagellated collar cells • suspension feeders: create water currents, trap food, intracellular digestion • basic anatomy: water canal system • ostia (ostium): small pores (pore-bearing) • sequential hermaphrodites • sessile (attached to a substrate) adult • dispersing larval stage

  28. PORIFERA • “alternative” animals; used to be ignored • colorful: yellow, red, violet, etc; toxicity • biochemical complexity • biotoxins for protection, competition • diversity of interest to natural products chemists, pharmacologists • sponge conservation biology important • concentrate nutrients in coral reef ecosystem

  29. PORIFERA • what is sister group to animals? • similarity between choanocyte and choanoflagellates • Choanoflagellata: protist-like, colonial, flagellated; Fig. 32.3 • choanocyte is the shared derived homologous character

  30. CNIDARIA • Phylum Cnidaria; lecture links • hydras, jellies, sea anemones, coral

  31. CNIDARIA • most marine, very successful • radial symmetry; Fig. 33.5 • good adaptation when: • sessile • planktonic (drifting in currents) • diploblastic: 2 germ layers

  32. CNIDARIA • tissues, but no organs • pseudomuscle tissue • nerve net tissue; Fig. 49.2 • Fig. 33.8: 2 body forms; taxa vary in which form is dominant • polyp form: cylindrical, mouth-up • hydras, sea anemones, corals • medusa form: bowl-like, mouth-down • jellies • cnidocyte: a cell specialized for defense, capture of prey; Fig. 33.6

  33. CNIDARIA • coral animals secrete calcium carbonate exoskeleton: reef • home for millions of other species • 75% of coral reefs threatened

  34. http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/

  35. CNIDARIA • photosynthetic endosymbiotic dinoflagellates; live inside coral cells

  36. CNIDARIA • mutualism: symbiosis where both benefit • bleaching: breakdown of mutualism • global warming: burn oil, coal → CO2 ↑ • global warming → warmer waters → bleaching

  37. ACIDIFICATION • ocean acidification via carbonic acid • calcium carbonate shells can dissolve • reduced ability to even form calcium carbonate shells

  38. ACIDIFICATION • calcium carbonate (CaCO3) organisms • Ca2+ + CO32-→ CaCO3 • calcium + carbonate ion • CO2 + H20 → H2CO3 (carbonic acid) • H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- • H+ + CO32- → HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) • reduction in carbonate ion availability • can't secrete CaCO3 shell

  39. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7933589.stm

  40. Nature 10 March 2011

  41. Nature 10 March 2011; dark blue line is current path to 800 ppm

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