The American odyssey

1. Chapter Seventeen – The Uneasy Peace Section Four – A New Battleground The American odyssey

2. Cold war rivalries led the United States and the Soviet Union to spy on each other and to interfere in the affairs of developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The Main idea of the section

3. Emerging nation Covert operation Nationalization Key vocabulary terms of the section

4. After WWII, emerging nations in Asia, Latin America, and Africa shook off colonial rule and became a cold war battleground. • The United States depended on developing nations for raw materials and markets. • These nations also provided a line of defense, if allied with the United States, against the expansionism of communism. • Many emerging nations, however, did not want to exchange domination by a colonial power for domination of a cold war superpower. New worlds to conquer

5. Facing resistance from emerging nations, the United States used many methods to win friends and wage cold war, including massive amounts of foreign aid and covert operations by the CIA. • CIA • Central Intelligence Agency • Established in 1949 by Harry Truman New worlds to conquer

6. In 1947 Congress passed the National Security Act. • This act streamlined the defense system and created the CIA and National Security Council (NSC). • Each of these agencies reported to the President. • The vague language that spelled out the purpose of the CIA gave them wide discretion in their modus operandi – in how they operated. The cia joins the fight (p.588-589)

7. Originally, the CIA was used primarily to spy on the Soviet military and secretly fund pro-western groups in Europe. • In 1949, however, Congress authorized the CIA the right to spend unlimited funds without informing Congress of how the funds were being used. • With the ability of doing what they wanted and having access to an unlimited budget, this would soon lead the CIA to: • Bribing foreign politicians • Training private armies • Plotting assassinations • By 1952, the CIA had 6000 employees worldwide and an annual budget of $82 million. The cia joins the fight

8. In 1951 efforts by Iranian prime minister Dr. Mohammad Mossadeg to nationalize British oil fields to organize an international boycott of Iranian Oil. Iranians felt robbed by the British, who controlled Iran’s oil fields. Capitalists felt that they would have a more reliable business partner in the Shah of Iran. The cia and the shah (p. 590)

9. Eisenhower saw Iran’s economic chaos as a breeding ground for communism. • He authorized CIA agent Kermit Roosevelt to engineer Mossadeg’s overthrow, while leaving the young Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, in place. • When the battle ended 400 were dead or injured, Mossadeg was arrested, and the Shah was left in power. The cia and the shah

10. After a series of blunders, Iranian agents for the CIA ousted Mossadeg. • With the Shah in power, Western oil companies signed an oil agreement with Iran. • The deal enriched the Shah, ensured the future of the CIA, and planted the seeds of hatred of the United States. • Iran Hostage Crisis The cia and the shah

11. In 1956 the newly independent nation of Egypt seized the Suez Canal. • A vital link between oil ports along the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean. • Great Britain, which had controlled the canal, invaded Egypt with France and Israel. • More than 75% of Western Europe’s oil came through the canal, and Egypt wanted to seize control of the canal. • The annual revenue from the canal brought in $25 million. War in egypt (p.590-591)

12. These actions were not because of communism, but just money and greed. • Gamal Abdel Nasser, the second President of Egypt, wanted to build a dam on the Nile River to control its yearly floods and to provide electricity to his country. • Aswan Dam • The Egyptians signed an arms deal with the Soviet Union. • The US and the UK withdrew their pledge of support for the dam. • Nasser seized the canal to finance the project for the dam. War in egypt

13. Fear that the action would drive the Middle East into Soviet Camp, Eisenhower called for a UN resolution condemning the invasion. • Without the United States’ support, the three American allies pulled out and the canal was turned over to Egypt. • Afraid of growing Soviet influence in the oil-rich Middle East, Congress approved the so-called Eisenhower Doctrine. • A policy that promised economic aid to any Pro-Western governments in the region. War in egypt

14. In Latin America nationalists began to struggle to loosen the grip of US firms on their economics. • In 1958 Fidel Castro ousted the pro-US dictator. • Fulgencio Batista • He seized American businesses and signed a trade agreement with Moscow. Latin America (p.591-593)

15. Eisenhower approved a CIA-backed invasion of Cuba, which fell to Kennedy to complete. • The Bay of Pigs invasion failed miserably and exposed the American plot to overthrow a neighbor’s government. • The US used CIA trained forces called La Brigada. • Kennedy canceled the air support, which doomed the mission – within two days Castro had killed or captured nearly all of La Brigada. Latin America

16. After this humiliating failure, Kennedy turned to economic pressure and assassination attempts on Castro. Castro and Khrushchev confronted the US by installing Soviet nuclear missiles and bombers near Havana. In October 1962 a US spy plane discovered the installations. Latin America

17. The so-called Cuban Missile Crisis brought the US and the Soviet Union to the brink of war. • Kennedy blocked Cuban shipping lanes and pushed Khrushchev to remove the missiles, after a tense week the Soviets stepped back. • The standoff forced the United States and the Soviet Union to accept each other’s power and to admit the importance of negotiation. • The two nations installed a hot line to advert future crises, but neither nation slowed down the arms race. Latin America