An Age of Uncertainty- The 1920s

2. An Age of Uncertainty- The 1920s 1) Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity shattered the belief that the world operates on absolute principles of motion and gravity.

3. Freud Museum Sigmund Freud saw patients and lived in this apartment in Vienna until he emigrated to London in 1938.

4. An Age of Uncertainty- The 1920s 2) Because Freud’s theory hypothesized that much of human behavior is irrational, it weakened faith in reason.

5. An Age of Uncertainty- The 1920s 3) Because existentialism felt that life had no universal meaning, it led to doubts about existing religious beliefs and rational philosophy.

6. An Age of Uncertainty-The 1920s 4) Proponents of Dadaism felt that established values had been made meaningless by the savagery of World War I, so they depicted objects in an absurd, nonsensical, and meaningless way. Cut With the Kitchen Knife. Hannah Hoch 1919. The Dada movement defied conventions in art to protest against the bourgeois and capitalist interests they felt led to the war.

7. An Age of Uncertainty-The 1920s 5) Surrealism, inspired by Freud’s ideas, sought to link world of dreams with real life in art. The Persistence of Time Salvador Dali

8. An Age of Uncertainty-The 1920s • 6. Functionalist architects rejected ornamentation and designed buildings that reflected their use. • “Form ever follows function.” • Frank Lloyd Wright is the best known architect in functionalism.

9. An Age of Uncertainty-The 1920s 7. Jazz composers moved away from traditional styles. The jazz beat was uninhibited and energetic, fitting the freedom and spontaneity of the times. jazz age

10. An Age of Uncertainty-The 1920s 8) Flappers abandoned restrictive clothing and styles; feminists argued that women should be equal partners with men.

11. An Age of Uncertainty-The 1920s 9. Automobiles • created jobs • expanded travel, • led to the growth of suburbs early automobiles

12. An Age of Uncertainty-The 1920s 10. Improvements in aircraft made possible • airmail, • commercial passenger service, • and international air travel • lucky lindy

13. An Age of Uncertainty-The 1920s 11. Radio expanded audiences for news, plays, and sporting events; helped bring world in closer touch radio babies

14. An Age of Uncertainty-The 1920s • motion pictures 11. Movie-making became a serious art form in Europe and a major industry in Hollywood, and movies became a popular escape from daily hardships.

15. A Global Depression Cause Effect 1. In new postwar democracies, there were frequent changes in government. Many citizens of the new democracies had little experience with representative government. Some countries had many political parties, which made effective government difficult and Led to the formation of coalition Governmentsthat often unraveled. Signing of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919

16. A Global Depression Cause Effect 2. In Germany, the Weimar Republic was weak from the start. 2. Germany • lacked a strong democratic tradition; • postwar Germany had multiple political parties; • many Germans blamed the Weimar government, not military defeat and humiliation at Versailles.

17. A Global Depression Cause Effect Postwar Germany suffered from severe economic inflation. 3. The German government had printed money for war expenses and reparations, devaluing the mark and causing millions of people to lose their life savings. German marks swept away as rubbish. Children playing with stacks of German marks.

18. A Global Depression Cause Effect 4. The United States had a flawed economy. 4. The United States had • uneven distribution of wealth • overproduction by business and agriculture • lessened demand for consumer goods

19. A Global Depression Cause Effect 5. On October 29, 1929, the U.S. stock market crashed. 6. A long depression followed the crash in the United States. 5. Believing that prices would drop, investors tried to sell high-priced stocks that they had bought on margin, but no one wanted to buy. 6. Unemployment rates rose as industrial production, prices, and wages fell; • businesses failed, • individuals lost their savings when banks closed, and • farmers lost their land.

20. A Global Depression Causes Effect Collapse of the U.S. economy affected countries worldwide. • Some countries had war debts and were dependent on American loans and investments. • Worried American bankers demanded repayment for their overseas loans, • American investors withdrew their money from Europe. • American market for imported goods dropped sharply. • Raising of tariffs led to decrease in world trade and market demand.

21. A Global Depression Causes Effects 8. In Britain, the National Government rescued the economy. Great Britain • passed high protective tariffs, • increased taxes, • regulatedthe currency, • and lowered interest rates to encourage industrial growth

22. A Global Depression Causes Effects 9. In France, the Popular Front was formed as a coalition government 10. Socialist governments in Scandinavian countries dealt with the economic crisis successfully 9. Economic crisis in France led to political instability and leaders feared the growth of anti-democratic forces. 10. Socialist countries relied on existing tradition of cooperative community action and government- sponsored public works programs to keep people employed and producing; raised pensions for the elderly and benefits for those in need

23. FDR inaugural address FDR