Fig. 1 Oats ( Avena sativa )

1. “Technological stripe disease” of agricultural crops (Fig. 1-3) Fig. 1 Oats (Avenasativa)

2. Fig. 2 Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum )

3. Fig. 3 Rape (Brassica napus oleifera) Uncorrected N fertilizer application: the yellow stripes by N deficiency, the green to dark-green stripes partly N over fertilization

4. Fig. 4 N deficiency in a winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) field crop; right: plot fertilized with N.

5. Fig. 5 N and P deficiency in a corn (Zea mays) field crop.

6. Fig. 6 N deficiency in oats (Avena sativa) right: plants fertilized with N.

7. Fig. 7 Poor ear development of wheat (Triticum aestivum) due to N deficiency.

8. Fig. 8 Severe N deficiency in maize (corn), (Zea mays), in the juvenile stage; right: plants fertilized with N.

9. Fig. 9 Leaf of a corn plant with characteristic symptoms of N deficiency; notice the V-shaped green leaf colour.

10. Fig. 10 Characteristic symptoms of N deficiency in the older leaves of maize (corn), (Zea mays), form a field crop.

11. Fig. 11 Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) in a pot trial; left: plant fertilized with N: right: plant not fertilized with N.

12. Fig. 12 Early yellowing of the older leaves of a sugar beet plant (Beta vulgaris saccharifera) due to N deficiency; notice the stiffness of the leaves.

13. Fig. 13 Rutabaga plant (swede, 芜菁甘蓝), (Brassica napus rapifera), with insufficient N fertilization; yellowing of the older leaves with red-violet tints.

14. Fig. 14 Marrowstem kale (Brassica oleracea var. medullosa，) in a field crop with pale green, yellow, red, and red-violet tinged leaves due to N deficiency; in the back-ground crop fertilized with N.

15. Fig. 15 Poor plant development and yellowing of the older leaves of flax (Linum usitatissimum，亚麻) due to N deficiency; right: plant fertilized with N.

16. Fig. 16 Poor development of rape (Brassica mapus oleifera，油菜) in the juvenile stage due to N deficiency; right: plants fertilized with N.

17. Fig. 17 Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in hydroculture without N nutrition.

18. Fig. 18 Lettuce (Lactuca sativa ssp.capitata，莴苣) from a glass house culture; left: plant with symptoms of N deficiency (leaf N content=1.58％); right: plant fertilized with N.

19. Fig. 19 Glass house tomato plants (Lycopersocum esculentum), var. Eurocross; left: plant fertilized with N; right: without N fertilization.

20. Fig. 20 Leaf of a tomato plant in hydroculture with early symptoms of N deficiency.

21. Fig. 21 Very severe N deficiency in older leaflets of tomato plants (Lycopersicum esculentum); right: leaflet of a plant fertilized with N.

22. Fig. 22 Leaves of celery plants (Apium graveolens) with severe symptoms of N deficiency; right: leaf of a plant fertilized with N.

23. Fig. 23 Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea gemmifera，抱子甘蓝) with symptoms of N deficiency; oldest leaves already fallen off after yellowing.

24. Fig. 24 Glass house cucumber plant (Cucumis sativus) with N deficiency ( leaf NO3-N = < 0.1％ )

25. Fig. 25 Yellowing of strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa，草莓), partly with red tints, after harvest due to insufficient N fertilization.

26. Fig. 26 Early yellowing of vine (Vitis vinifera) due to insufficient N fertilization.

27. Fig. 27 Induced N deficiency (Right) in vine (Vitis vinifera) in a pot trial; left: plant fertilized with N.

28. Fig. 28 Leaves of vine (Vitis vinifera); left: with N; from center to right: increasing N deficiency.

29. Fig. 29 Leaves of an apple tree (Malus domestica), var. “Golden delicious” on MVII; leaf N contents left = 0.87％ (deficiency) and right = 3.12 ％ (over fertilized).

30. Fig. 30 Apples of the var. “Golden delicious” on M IV at leaf N contents left = 1.01％ (deficiency), center = 2.60％ (normal) and right = 3.35％ (overfertilized).

31. Fig. 27 Norway spruce (Picea abise) with small yellowing tinted needles without necroses due to N deficiency; left: tree fertilized with N.

32. Fig. 32 Japanese larch trees (Larix leprolepis，落叶松); left: without N fertilization; right: fertilized with N.

33. Fig. 33 Pine tree (Pinus sylvestris); left: without N fertilization; right: fertilized with N.

34. Fig. 34 Chestnut oak tree (Quercus sessiliflora，栎); left: fertilized with N; right: without N fertilization.

35. Fig.35 Leaves of maple trees (Acer pseudoplatanus); left: without N fertilization; right: fertilized with N.

36. Fig. 36 Leaves of chestnut oak trees (Quercus sessiliflora); above left: N deficiency; below left: K deficiency; above right: P deficiency; below right: fertilized with NPK.

37. Fig. 37 Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) with slight symptoms if N toxicity.

38. Fig. 38 Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) with severe symptoms of N toxicity.

39. Fig. 39 Induced N toxicity in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) in glass house trial.

40. Fig. 40 “Tipburn” in lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata，莴苣) due to nitrate and chlorid toxicity on a sandy soil.

41. Fig. 41 “Blotchy ripening”斑状成熟of tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) with yellow and green tints around the basal part of the fruit similar to Mg and K deficiency due to N overfertilization.

42. Fig. 42 Normal with N fertilized apple tree (Malus domestica) of the var. “Golden delicious” with a fruit on a slightly acid loamy soil; leaf N content = 2.46％; leaf Mn content = 286 ppm.

43. Fig. 43 Apple tree (Malus domestica) of the var. “Golden delicious” with a fruit overfertilized with N on a slightly acid loamy soil; leaf N content = 3.30％; leaf Mn content = 978 ppm.