Decolonization, Independence and Modern Issues: India, Africa and the Middle East

1. Decolonization, Independence and Modern Issues: India, Africa and the Middle East

2. India-Colonialism and Independence

4. British Imperialism in India • Britain took control over India during the 18th century • Britain considers India its “Crown Jewel” – WHY? • RICH IN RESOURCES • GREAT LOCATION • The British used sepoys to help maintain control • Sepoys are Indian Soldiers • Sepoys become angry that the British do not respect their religion • They Rebel Against British Rule • Goal: Get rid of foreign influence in India • Result: Sepoys are killed by the British • British Tighten Their Control on India

5. Sepoy Mutiny • Why didn’t the Sepoy Rebellion Succeed Hindus/Muslims not united • Princes did not join rebellion • Sikhs remain loyal to the British – Why? • British took direct control of India: British Raj

7. Perspectives on Culture “A single shelf of a good European library is worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia.” British Historian Thomas Macaulay

8. Rise of National Parties • Indian National Congress 1885 (HINDU) • Believed in peaceful protests • Wanted greater democracy in India • Muslim League 1906 (MUSLIM) • Wanted to avoid Hindu dominance of India • Sought representation in Government

9. The Spread of Islam

10. Impact of World War I After WWI Allies Promote the idea of Self Determination. Self Determination – The right to rule your own nation (independence) British promised that if Indians helped during war they would get INDEPENDENCE – They Lied. BRITISH WANTED TO AVOID AN INDIAN REBELLION • Rowlatt Acts – Series of laws that deprived Indians of Rights • Similar to Nuremberg Laws in Nazi Germany Amritsar Massacre – The Spark that Ignited the Indian Nationalist Movement • Indians (Hindus and Muslims) peacefully protest Rowlatt Acts. • British Fear alliance of Hindus + Muslims • British Massacre 400/1200 Injured IMPACT: - Increases Indian Nationalism - Begins movement for Indian Independence

11. Conflict in India • What is the nature of the Muslim/Hindu relationship at this point in India (1945)??

12. Mohandas K. GandhiMahatmaIndian Nationalist Leader

13. Gandhi’s Policies • Indians are ENRAGED that the British officers responsible at Amritsar are NOT PUNISHED. • However, Gandhi and the Indian National Congress refuse to retaliate with VIOLENCE. Noncooperation – Refusal to help and work cooperatively with the British Government. Civil Disobedience – Deliberate and public refusal to obey unjust laws.

14. Resistance to British Rule Boycotts: Refusal to buy British goods, attend British schools, pay British taxes and vote in elections. Homespun Movement: Indians were urged to weave their own clothes to avoid buying British textiles. Strikes: Refusal to work by Indians disrupted trains, factories, prisons and economically hurt the British. The Salt March (1930): In Defiance of the hated Salt Acts Gandhi and his followers walked 240 miles to the seacoast and made their own salt. 60,000 Arrested.

15. Gandhi – Hind Swaraj • “Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by personal suffering/ it is the reverse of resistance by arms. When I refuse to do a thing that is repugnant to my conscience, I use soul-force. For instance, the government of the day has passed a law which is applicable to me: I do not like it, if, by using violence, I force the government to repeal the law, I am employing what may be termed body-force. If I do not obey the law and accept the penalty for its breach, I use soul-force. It involves sacrifice of self. “ • Satyagraha – Gandhi’s principle of Non-Violence, “Soul Force”

16. Limited Self Rule • In 1935 the British Parliament passed the GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT • Although limited self rule was favorable to colonization, it fueled MOUNTING TENSIONS between Hindus and Muslims in India.

17. India: Summer of 1947

18. What struggles did the Indian Subcontinent Face After Independence?

19. Key People • Muhammad Ali Jinnah • Mohandas K. Gandhi • Jawaharlal Nehru • Indira Gandhi

20. “Long years ago, we made an appointment with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will wake to life and freedom.” • - Jawaharlal Nehru (1947)

21. Internal Conflicts in India RELIGIOUS TENSION • Hindus and Muslims struggle over who should have power in India. • HINDUS AND MUSLIMS CLASS VIOLENTLY THROUGHOUT INDIA • GANDHI WANTS A UNITED INDIA – Hunger Strike to End Violence • Muhammad Ali Jinnah – WANTS AN INDEPENDENT MUSLIM NATION • Gandhi is assassinated by a Hindu Extremist • Sikhs want their own Independent State

22. The Partition of India • After WWII Britain is in Debt and has to Rebuild • Maintaining a colony is expensive and hard work • They decide to give rule back to the Indians • Partition – The Division of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations. • 1947 – Britain Creates Two Separate Independent Nations: Pakistan (MUSLIM) and India (HINDUS) • People must decide where to live  Migrations

23. Indian Government • Jawaharlal Nehru becomes Prime Minister • Democracy • Unity • Economic Modernization • COLD WAR NEUTRALITY (Non-Aligned) • Indira Gandhi • Major challenges from Sikhs – Want Independence (they didn’t get their own state) • Struggled to keep India united • Assassinated by Sikh extremists

24. Modern Challenges in India • Civil War in Pakistan • Pakistan and East Pakistan create 2 separate Nations • Pakistan • Islamic Militants • CORRUPTION • Bangladesh (E. Pakistan) • CORRUPTION • Natural Disasters • Indian Problems • Religious Tension • Social Inequality (Caste System – Gender Inequality) • Industry - Lack of Resources • Overpopulation • Farming (EUROPEANS HAD FORCED CASH CROPS, NO FOOD) • Green Revolution – New technology and crops introduced to India to increase agricultural production

25. Nuclear Proliferation • Nuclear Proliferation – Build Up of Nuclear Arms • India and Pakistan are BOTH Nuclear Powers

26. Decolonization and Independence in Africa

27. African Geography • Africa is GEOGRAPHICALLY DIVERSE  CULTURAL DIVERSITY (Not Unified) Resources • CASH CROPS: Oil,Gold, Salt, Diamonds, coffee

28. African History West African Kingdoms: Ghana, Mali, Songhai Gained wealth from: Gold & Salt Trade Mansa Musa Mali Mecca Muslim (Islam) Advanced PRIOR to the arrival of the Europeans

29. New Imperialism BERLIN CONFERENCE(set the rules for claiming land in Africa) • Led to the scramble for & partitioning of Africa • European borders disregarded/ignored tribal boundaries • Led to PAN AFRICANISM: (nationalist movement that encouraged unity & cooperation among all African nations) *Nationalismresults when people have beliefs & values in common

30. South Africa Boer War • British defeat Boers (Dutch Farmers) • The Union of South Africa is formed as a British Commonwealth • Becomes independent in 1961 as Republic of South Africa

31. APARTheid Apartheid - South Africa’s policy of racial segregation (separation of races)APARTness. • RIGID CLASS STRUCTURE • Apartheid is similar to the Rowlett Acts which both deprived targeted groups of rights. They are based on racist ideas which seek to reinforce WHITE MINORITY RULE and disenfranchise majority groups.

32. Impact of Apartheid • Only Whites Could Vote (<20%) • Homelands • Pass Books • White Minority Rule

33. African National Congress African National Congress(ANC): organization formed to eliminate white minority rule & fight for the rights of Blacks in South Africa ANC Strategies Used (Non-Violence): Marches, Boycotts, Strikes Sharpeville Massacre: Government uses violence to put down peaceful demonstrations for black rights. • NELSON MANDELA IS THROWN IN JAIL • ANC IS BANNED • Imprisonment of political dissidents (dissenters) rarely ends opposition to the government**See Political Cartoon**

34. Bishop Desmond Tutu • Non-Violent Protest Leader • Gains International Support for Blacks in S. Africa • Many nations (U.S.) issue ECONOMIC SANCTIONS (punishments)

35. F.W. de Klerk – South African President • Blacks begin to earn rights in South Africa 1990 – Lifted the ban on ANC and Freed Mandela 1994 – 1st Democratic Elections in South Africa • BUT – Gap remained between blacks and whites!!!

36. Leaders of anti-Apartheid movement Desmond TuTu Nelson Mandela THEY ARE BOTH SIMILAR TO: Jomo Kenyatta KENYA Kwame Nkrumah GHANA Leopold Senghor SENEGAL Ho Chi Minh VIETNAM Jiang Jieshi CHINA Simon Bolivar LATIN AMERICA WHY??? Mazzini,Cavour & Garibaldi ITALY They all led nationalist/independence movements Otto von BismarckGERMANY

37. + = Nelson Mandela Mohandas Gandhi BOTH wanted to secure political power for the majority of people Sought independence from foreign/colonial/European rule Jomo Kenyatta KENYA Ho Chi Minh VIETNAM Nelson Mandela SOUTH AFRICA Mohandas Gandhi INDIA Simon Bolivar LATIN AMERICA Kwame Nkrumah GHANA

38. S. Africa After Apartheid • Gap between whites and blacks continues to grow. 2) Many foreign countries resumed trading & investing in S. Africa 3)Whites continued to control $$ and land (3/4) 4) High Poverty/Unemployment (blacks) 5) High Crime Rates

41. Modern Africa GOALS: independence, nationalism & to end European ruleIssues: • Late Decolonization (mid-late 20th century) • Cold War- communists & non-communists contributed large amounts of economic aid to African nations… • Limited development of Africa due to the political boundaries imposed by Europeans that ignored tribal boundaries • Democracy is often difficult to establish in nations where little democratic tradition exists • Ethnic rivalry / Regional rivalry • Organization of African Unity (like OAS & EU) encourages interdependence & political / economic cooperation among member nations NONALIGNMENT

45. Modern Problems in Newly Independent Nations

46. Religious and Ethnic Tension WHY? • Religion-Colonial powers ignored religious differences and religious minorities went unrepresented. • Ethnic Tension – Colonial powers ignored tribal boundaries and created arbitrary political boundaries. EXAMPLES • Partitioning of India/Pakistan – Hindus and Muslims • Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda

47. Weak Colonial Economies • All industrialization took place in Western Europe, no factories in Colonies • Cash crop economies only (no agriculture) • Environment and resources were exploited by colonial powers. Examples • Cotton/Tea fields in India • ¾ land in South Africa owned by Whites

48. Lack of Infrastructure • All political/social/economic structures were created and maintained by Europeans. • Natives were not trained or empowered to create or maintain infrastructure. Examples;British Education System Lack of roads/bridges

49. Social Inequality/Class Tension • Minority groups often enjoyed elevated positions over majority under colonial rule • Europeans continue to control wealth and power • Growing gap between rich and poor • Minority groups have little/no representation in new governments • Social inequality is preserved by Euros (order) Examples: APARTHEID – South Africa Caste System – India Uneven Distribution of Land (3/4 South Africa = White)

50. Dependence on Developed Nations • Colonies are unable to meet basic AGRICULTURAL needs • Colonies Lack TECH and CAPITAL to industrialize • Lack of Infrastructure-Inability to defend themselves • Civil/Internal Strife (conflict)  Instability • Need for powerful weapons to guard territory Examples: Nuclear Proliferation-India/Pakistan GREEN REVOLUTION European’s own businesses (Lipton’s Tea) European Banks invest heavily in economy=CONTROL