Aim: How did the United States deal with the new challenges it faced upon its’ birth?

1. Aim: How did the United States deal with the new challenges it faced upon its’ birth? Do Now:Read the Ch. 5, sect. 1 summary and watch the Unit 3 video Homework-Read Ch. 5, sec. 2 and answer questions #3 and #4 Date: 10/6/10

2. Where Do We Begin?!?!?! • Problem # 1: • What is the relationship between the national government and the new “states”? • Problem # 2: • Should the states unite under a strong centralized government? • Problem # 3: • How can we develop a government that can balance the interests of the states with those of the nation • If you wanted to avoid a monarchy what form of gov’t would you create? The original American Flag designed by Betsy Ross

3. Can Democracy Work? • What is democracy? • What could be some challenges implementing Democracy in America? • Americans favored a Republic- govt. in which citizens rule through elected representatives • Why might a republic work better than a pure democracy? • Where did these ideas about Democracy and Republic come from? Roman Senator

4. State Constitutions • Each State had elected governments and Constitutions during colonial days Similarities • Limited power of government leaders • Guaranteed rights of citizens- freedom of speech, press, religion, etc. • Emphasized Liberty rather than Equality Differences • Voting rights- issues with women, African Americans and land owners • Geared towards the needs of each individual state

5. “Let our government be like our solar system. Let the general government be like the sun and the states like the planets, repelled yet attracted, and the whole moving regularly and harmoniously in their several orbits.”—John Dickinson • States were unequal in size, wealth and population • Should each state elect the same number of representatives? • Continental Congress proposes… The Articles of Confederation (alliance)- State governments are supreme in some matters while the national government was supreme in others How does the quote above reflect these principals?

6. The Western Lands • What should be done with the newly acquired land west of Appalachians? • Land Ordinance of 1785-established patchwork farms- divided land into equal squares that were for sale • Northwest Ordinance of 1787-provided procedure for dividing lands and admitting new states to the country

7. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation • Congress could not enact and collect taxes • Congress could not regulate trade • Regardless of population, each state had only one vote in Congress • Articles could be changed only if all states approved • There were 13 separate states that lacked national unity • Which weakness would present the most problems? • Why did the listed weaknesses lead to an ineffective • government?

8. Aim Revisited: How did the United States deal with the new challenges it faced upon its’ birth? • New government has to be created but how? • Founding Fathers choose republic- representative democracy • States already had constitutions and wanted to form a confederation- alliance • Articles of Confederation created as first form of gov’t • Newly acquired western lands sold and become new states • Articles of Confederation seen as weak because lacked taxing power and unity

9. Aim: What major decisions had to be made about the new U.S. government? • Do Now: Which weakness of the Articles of Confederation do you think created the biggest problems? • Homework: Read Ch.5, sect.3 and answer questions #3 and #4 • Date: 10/7/10

10. Something’s Just not Right! • Many farmers/veterans were in debt • Shays’ Rebellion- mob of angered farmers marched towards arsenal in Springfield, Mass. • “What a triumph for our enemies…to find that we are incapable of governing ourselves” – George Washington • What effect do you suppose Shays’ Rebellion had on the new nation, both in government and on the streets?

11. Ch-Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes! • Shays’ Rebellion generates discussion among states about the government’s effectiveness • What do you think is the key to preventing another “Shay’s Rebellion?” • Convention held in Philadelphia to discuss strengthening the central government

12. Key Constitutional Concepts Video • Watch the video, “Key Constitutional Concepts” and answer the questions on the worksheet in your packets

13. Aim: What major decisions had to be made about the new U.S. government? Cont. • Do Now: What weakness of the Articles of Confederation did Shay’s Rebellion reveal? • Homework: None, enjoy the long weekend! • Date: 10/8/10

14. The Great compromise • Big states vs. small states over representation • Roger Sherman introduces the Great Compromise • Two House (bi-cameral) Congress • Each state has equal rep. in the Senate (upper house) • Population determines rep. in the House of Representatives (lower house) • Voters choose reps. for the House- Senators chosen by State legislatures • Why was this compromise a success? Roger Sherman

15. What about Slavery? • The Great Compromise- population = power • Should slaves count as part of population? • North says NO!!! • South says YES!!! • Three-Fifths Compromise: 3/5 of a states slave population counted • What essentially is this saying about slaves?

16. Creating a New Government • Federalism- system of gov’t where power is shared between a national gov’t and state gov’ts • Federal Gov’t has delegated powers • State Gov’ts have reserved powers • Read the document regarding federalism and answer the following… • Why do the National Gov’ts powers make sense? • Why do the States Gov’ts powers make sense? • Who has more power if they conflict? Why?

17. Separation of Powers • Three Branches of Government 1) Legislative Branch- makes laws 2) Executive Branch- carry out laws 3) Judicial Branch- interprets laws So how does Congress make a law??? • A bill starts in either Senate or the House of Reps. • It’s debated and if majority votes for it – goes to other house • President passes or vetoes law • If vetoed Congress can override with 66% vote • Judicial Branch has final say by declaring unconstitutional • Think: scenario of class voting for something Floor of Senate

18. Aim: What major decisions had to be made about the new U.S. government? Cont. • Do Now: Explain how a law is made • Homework: Read the Preamble to the Constitution (p. 154) and rewrite it in words that make sense to you. • Date: 10/12/10

19. Checks and Balances • System of Checks and Balances- system that keeps one branch from dominating the others • Think: Rock, Paper, Scissors • Read document on Checks & Balances and answer the following… • Write a situation where the president checks Congress • Write a situation where Congress checks the President • Write a situation where Supreme Court checks Congress • Explain the Elastic Clause

20. The Presidency • Electoral College System-each state would choose a number of electors equal to the amount of rep. they had in congress. These men would cast the ballots. • Think: scenario w/ school voting for chocolate vs. vanilla ice cream • Read the document regarding the Electoral College and answer the following ques. • Who votes for the president? • Does the citizens vote count? • When in history did this create a problem?

21. Aim Revisited: What major decisions had to be made about the new U.S. government? • The Great Compromise solved the conflict over state size and representation • 3/5 Compromise solved conflict over the counting of slaves as population • Federalism created government where state gov’ts and national gov’t share power • System of Checks and Balances creates system to stop one branch from having too much power • Electoral College created to elect president

22. Aim: How did the Constitution become the law of the land? • Do Now: Read the document, “In the Middle of the Night”. What should be included in our Constitution to make sure this does not happen? • Homework: Read Ch.6, sect.1 answer quests. #3 and #4 • Date: 10/14/10

23. Federalistsvs.Anti-federalists Alexander Hamilton Patrick Henry • Constitution needed ratification (approval) from 9 states • Federalists- those who supported the newly formed Constitution • Anti-federalists- those who opposed the Constitution • Disagreed mostly over power of States vs. Federal Gov’t “You are not to inquire how your trade may be increased, nor how you are to become a great and powerful people, but how your liberties can be secured…” “They divided the powers, that each branch of the legislature might be a check upon the other…and I presume that every reasonable man will agree to it.”

24. Federalists Vs. Anti-federalists • Anti-federalists: • Feared govt. would serve privileged minority and not majority • Believed country was too large for 1 govt. to manage • Constitution lacked protection of individual rights • Supported by large states- why? • Federalists: • 3 branches/ checks and balances-protects Americans from tyranny • Favored a balance of power between state and federal government • Supported by small states- why?

25. Aim: How did the Constitution become the law of the land? (cont.) • Do Now: Class discussion of Preamble homework. We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. • Homework: None, you guys have been lucky the past few Fridays!!! • Date: 10/15/10

26. So, what’s missing??? • The Constitution contained no guarantee that the govt. would protect the rights of the people • All previous State Gov’ts had Bills of Rights • Why do you think a bill of rights is necessary? • How could this slow down the process of ratification? • “I like the general idea of framing a government which should go on of itself, peaceably, without needing continual recurrence to the State legislatures…I will now tell you what I do not like. First, the omission of a bill of rights…Let me add, that a bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular; and what no just government should refuse…- Thomas Jefferson

27. The Bill of Rights • The first 10 amendments (changes) to the • Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights • Spend a few minutes and read the list of Amendments to yourself • Then choose the 5 most important amendments by yourself • Then work with a partner and narrow down your list to 3 • Then in a group choose the single most important amendment The new government becomes a reality in 1789 when the Constitution is ratified

28. Federalists Vs. Anti-federalists • Anti-federalists: • Weakened State power need for a Bill of Rights • They wanted a written agreement that all citizens would have certain rights • Was the Bill of Rights necessary ???Which side do you agree with??? Why??? • Federalists: • Did not feel it necessary to have a Bill of Rights • Constitution gave people power to elect trustworthy representatives • Used The Federalist papers to convince Americans to support Constitution

29. Aim Revisited: How did the Constitution become the law of the land? • Constitution needed to be ratified (approved) by 9 states • Federalists favored Constitution and strong central gov’t • Anti-Federalists opposed Constitution and wanted stronger state gov’ts • Bill of Rights added to protect individual rights and convinced anti-federalists to approve Constitution • 1789- Constitution becomes law of the land after all 13 states ratify

30. Aim: How did Washington’s administration Create an “Unwritten Constitution”? • Do Now: In what ways is the U.S.A. a “great experiment”? • Homework: Read Ch.6, sect.2 answer quest. 3 and 4 • Date: 10/19/10

31. Well, first we need a President!!! • Americans needed and wanted strong, trustworthy leader • Washington was unanimous choice in first presidential ballot • April, 1789- Washington reluctantly accepts the position

32. “We are in the wilderness with no footsteps to guide us!” – James Madison Why might many refer to this time as the “great experiment” of America? • There was never a govt. based on Enlightenment ideas of republican rule and individual rights • No prior examples to follow • Has the experiment been solved? James Madison

33. Creating the Judicial System • The Constitution provides the framework but no details for the judicial system • Judiciary Act of 1789- • Supreme Court- chief justice & 5 associate justices • Federal laws are “the supreme law of the land” • Justices selected by President for life • Why???

34. “The Cabinet” • Departments made to help President make decisions • Department heads became known as “the Cabinet” • Department of State- deals with foreign affairs • Department of War- handles military matters • Department of Treasury- manages finances Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton Henry Knox Edmund Randolph • Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State • Alexander Hamilton- Secretary of the Treasury • Henry Knox- Secretary of War • Edmund Randolph- Attorney General (chief lawyer)

35. Hamilton Vs. Jefferson • Power lies in federal govt. • Republic lead by well educated elite • Loose interpretation of Constitution • Economy based on shipping and manufacturing • Wants to create Bank of U.S. • Supporters: merchants, landowners, investors, lawyers • Shared power between state and local govt.-limited national govt. • Strict interpretation of Constitution • Economy based on farming and trade people • Disagrees with Bank of U.S. • Supporters: the “plain people” • Whose view of the govt. would a wealthy person favor? Why? • How do you think Jefferson differed from Hamilton in his • view of people and human nature?

36. Washington, D.C. • Hamilton wants to create Bank of the U.S. to pay off foreign debt and pay Rev. War vets. • Southern States did not support Hamilton’s economic plans b/c the already paid off their debt • To gain support, Hamilton suggests moving the nations capital from NYC, to Washington, D.C.

37. Political Parties Emerge… Oops! “It agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another; incites occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption…” -George Washington Do you agree? Do political parties help or hurt? Federalists: Supported Hamilton’s view of a strong central govt. and bank Democratic-Republicans: Supported Jefferson’s vision of strong state-governments Where do we see examples today of the divide between strong federal gov’t vs. weak federal gov’t?

38. Aim Revisited: How did Washington’s administration Create an “Unwritten Constitution”? • Washington had to make up gov’t as he went along • Judiciary Act of 1789 established court system with Supreme Court as head • Cabinet created to help President make decisions • Disagreements over power of Federal gov’t vs. State gov’ts by Hamilton and Jefferson lead to creation of political parties

39. Aim:What foreign affairs did the new country have to deal with? • Do Now: Review: What were the differences between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists? • Homework: Read Ch.6, sect.3 answer ques. #3 and #4 • Date: 10/20/10

40. The French Revolution • The French were influenced by the American Revolution • The French were our allies during Revolution • Who should we support? The rebels who were trying to overthrow a tyrannical king or the government which supplied us with troops and aide? • Democratic-Republicans:wanted to honor the Treaty and support the French • Federalists:wanted to support the British after radical rebels seized France and threatened to attack England • George Washington- decides to remain Neutral- war was not in the nations best interest Rebels storming the Bastille in France

41. The Election of 1796 • Adams vs. Jefferson- who will replace Washington? • First election between opposing parties • Adams wins by 3 electoral votes • Constitution says loser becomes vice president • Why might this create a problem? • Increased danger of sectionalism- placing interests of one region over those of the entire nation Jefferson Adams

42. Problems with Foreigners • Anti-French sentiment in the U.S. • Why???- France disrespected Adams during negotiations over the French-U.S. alliance • Many immigrants in U.S. begin to criticize govt. • Alien and Sedition Acts- • 1) lengthened time to become a citizen • 2) Allowed Pres. to deport or jail foreigners deemed “undesirable” • 3) Set fines and jail terms for anyone trying to hinder the operation of gov’t or expressing “false, scandalous or malicious statements” against the gov’t • How could this violate constitutional rights??? • What political party would object to the Alien & Sedition Acts? Why?

43. The Kentucky Resolutions • Democratic-Republicans view the Alien & Sedition Acts as unconstitutional • Jefferson creates the Kentucky Resolutions based on the principle of • Nullification- the states had the right to nullify or void any act of Congress which they felt was unconstitutional • What are the implications of this? Jefferson immortalized at Mt. Rushmore

44. Aim Revisited: How did events in Europe divide the American public? • Democratic-Republicans disagree with Federalists over which side to take on French Revolution • Washington chooses neutrality • John Adams elected as next President putting him at odds with Jefferson • Alien and Sedition Acts passed to stop spread of influence of new immigrants • Idea of Nullification created during Kentucky Resolutions to give power back to states to nullify Federal laws

45. Aim: How did Jefferson’s administration change the nation? • Do Now: What was George Washington’s main idea about foreign policy? • Homework: Read Ch.6, sect.4 answer ques. #3 and #5 • Date: 10/21/10

46. The Election of 1800 • Jefferson Vs. Adams – Round 2 • Jefferson wins but running mate Aaron Burr gets the same # of electoral votes • Alex Hamilton believes Jefferson is better qualified for the job and persuades the House of Reps. to choose Jefferson • Reveals flaw in the electoral college- 12th amendment calls for electors to cast separate ballots for Pres. and V.P. Angry Burr kills Hamilton in duel

47. The Jefferson Administration • Against strong government policies and Federalism • Believed in a simple government • Wanted to shrink the government and cut costs • Believed in free trade

48. The Louisiana Purchase • Purchased by U.S. from France for $15 mill. • Caused the territories of the U.S. to more than double • Biggest gain= Mississippi R. and port of New Orleans

49. The Lewis and Clark Expedition • Jefferson unsure if purchase was Constitutional but did it anyway • Hypocritical??? • Jefferson hires Lewis and Clark to explore uncharted Western territories and gain info. • Brought along Sacajawea- a Native American women as guide and interpreter Map of the Lewis and Clark expedition The journey took 2 years and 4 months

50. Marbury Vs. Madison • Read the document Marbury vs. Madison Supreme Court Case and answer the following questions… • What is the issue that the Supreme Court has to solve? • What did the Supreme Court’s opinion establish the power of? • What 2 chief principles did this case establish? • Judicial Review- the ability of the S.C. to declare an act of congress unconstitutional