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TURKEY BETWEEN MIGRATIONS: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE PHENOMENON

TURKEY BETWEEN MIGRATIONS: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE PHENOMENON. Adrian BASARAB Ă, Iris MIHAI. Goal of the paper.

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TURKEY BETWEEN MIGRATIONS: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE PHENOMENON

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  1. TURKEY BETWEEN MIGRATIONS: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE PHENOMENON Adrian BASARABĂ, Iris MIHAI

  2. Goal of the paper • analysing the trends of the Turkish migration and identifying the policy areas which need to be addressed by the policy makers in Turkey as country of origin of the Turkish immigrants and as country of destination for foreigners. • the interest given to immigrants’ integration both in Turkey and at EU level

  3. Country profile • Location: 97% Asia (Anatolian Peninsula), 3% Europe (Balkan Peninsula) • Surface: 780.580 sqkm (36th) • Population: 78.785.548 (17th) • Ethnic structure: 75% Turks, 18% Kurds, 7% Greeks, Armenians, Arabs • Net migration rate: 0.5 migrant/1000 population (63rd)

  4. MIGRATION OF TURKEY OVER TIME Since the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, we have witnessed several movements of its population. They can be divided into 4 stages, all with specific characteristics: • stage I (1923-1950) • stage II (1950-1970) • stage III (1970-1990) • stage IV (after 1990)

  5. Stage I (1923-1950) Two international migration movements: • mass-leaving of the country by the minority non-Muslim population • the return of the Turks from the territories lost by the Ottoman Empire before and during the first World War Ethnical structure of the population of Turkey during 1914-1945 (thousands)

  6. Stage II (1950-1970) • series of international migrations, an exodus of Turkish citizens towards Western Europe countries • first agreement was signed in 1961 with Germany, fact which provides us with an explanation why today Germany has the largest Turkish Diaspora community in the world (1.658.083 people in 2009). • immediately after having signed the agreement with Germany, Turkey has signed one also with UK • in 1964 there were signed agreements with Austria, Netherlands and Belgium • in 1965 with France • in 1967 with Sweden and Australia • the end of this stage was brought by the oil crisis from 1973 which pressured Germany and other countries to terminate the agreements with Turkey and several other states; this resulted in closing the migrant workers program

  7. Stage III (1970-1990) • this period is characterized by an exodus of Turkish citizens towards the Arab countries • two phases: • the first one, migration towards Libya and Saudi Arabia during 1967-1981 • the second one, migration towards Iraq, Kuwait, Yemen, Jordan and Libya during 1981-1992 • a series of immigrants from Iran arrive to Turkey due to the political changes caused by the Islamic Revolution • during the ‘80s, part of the Turkish population found itself too, faced with the need to emigrate due to political conditions • this period ended due to the crisis generated by the Gulf War from 1990-1991

  8. Stage IV (after 1990) • this stage begins after the end of the Cold War • migration towards the former Soviet Union members • in 5 years, towards the ISC, migrated a population double in size compared to the one that migrated towards the Arab countries in 20 years • after 1995 studies reveal an increase in the migration towards more remote destinations, like Canada, USA, Australia

  9. MIGRATION IN TURKEY TODAY • Immigrants • Turkey hosts 1.328.405 immigrants, approximately 2% of its population • The immigrants group is balanced, 52.6% being women and 47.4% being men • Turkey hosts approximately 13.000 refugees • It is impossible to know the exact number of illegal immigrants from Turkey, but estimates show that it could be anywhere between 150.000 and 1.000.000

  10. MIGRATION IN TURKEY TODAY • Emigrants • has today approximately 4.5 million emigrants • the most popular destinations for Turkish migrants are Germany, France and Netherlands, these three hosting approximately 2.5 million Turkish emigrants, more than half of the total number of worldwide Turkish emigrants • schooling level of those emigrating from Turkey is rather diverse, but the share of those with higher qualification is larger than that of those without qualification

  11. POLICY AREAS Labour market integration • achieving a good standard of living has become conditioned by possessing money • immigrants to become self-reliant • the third priority of Europe 2020 Strategy is ‘inclusive growth – fostering a high employment economy delivering economic, social and territorial cohesion’ • addressing labour shortages • raising the overall employment level • the need for regulating these aspects lies in the fact that the labour market for immigrants is best described by low wages, instability, economic abuse and marginalisation

  12. POLICY AREAS Education • two essential aspects: the educational level of the immigrants at their arrival in the country • encouraging them and their children to continue their education in the host country • most of the time immigrants enrol in the labour market occupying lower positions due to their schooling level • workers with low levels of education are more vulnerable to changes in the labour market

  13. POLICY AREAS Politics • In order to make their voice heard, immigrants should participate actively in the civic life of the societies that host them and to be represented accordingly in politics • The existence of a dialogue between immigrants and their hosting societies can ease their integration, helping them to enjoy full rights and to explore their full potential leading to mutual benefits for both sides

  14. POLICY AREAS The decision makers should also consider: • social protection • citizenship • cultural diversity and many others These all can contribute to reducing illegal immigration.

  15. Conclusions • Turkey displays a positive evolution • the difference between the large number of emigrants and the small number of immigrants has decreased significantly • its attractiveness at international level has increased • at the moment Turkish represent the largest community of immigrants in Europe

  16. Thank you!You are welcomed to address any questions!

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