Living in the Stone Age

1. Living in the Stone Age

2. Great Leap Forward • 35 000 years ago when changes brought about innovation, creativity to humans (Homo Sapiens Sapiens) 2 FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES OCCURRED: 1. Development of modern anatomy 2. Beginning of innovative behaviourEFFECTS • Production of crafted tools and more sophisticated weapons • development of trade for raw materials and ornaments • Emergence of sculptures, paintings and crafted objects that showcased beauty and religion

3. Paleolithic Age Greek “paleo” means “old” Upper Paleolithic age was 50 000 – 10 000 years ago Neolithic Age Greek “neo” means “new” Neolithic Revolution occurred between 9000 – 4000 BCE “Lithos” = stone

4. PALEOLITHIC small groups of 5-10 families Nomadic to semi-nomadic Closer relationships between bands of people ie. Cro-Magnon society NEOLITHIC People abandoned semi-nomadic life and began farming Agricultural revolution was a progression of the “Great Leap Forward” planting of crops domesticating of animals Better tools & weapons Comparing the Stone Ages

5. Social Structure: Paleolithic Age • closer social relationships • Social stratification= emergence of leadership and beginning of social classes • Social roles: patriarchal; men were big game hunters • women captured small game and made clothing; women & children were gatherers

6. Social Structure: Neolithic Age • Increasing knowledge = more control of food supply • End of Ice Age = better for agriculture • As population grew, so did the competition for land • Shift from semi-nomadic to permanent towns and cities (first city was Jericho, in Mesopotamia between 8000 – 7000 BCE) and more occupations • Trade by barter system (obsidian – most valued traded material traded for farm produce) • Development of hierarchical class system

7. Religion & Art in Paleolithic Age • The Paleolithic Age (Cro-Magnon) was the first to develop fine art as drawings • CAVE PAINTINGS of deer, horses and animals which are now extinct • cultural explosion in art as more tools, jewellery, and sculptures/ figurines of clay, ivory and stone emerged • More advanced spiritual practices with graves found jewellery and spears made of mammoth tusks buried with bodies = this suggests a ritual burial with a view of an afterlife

8. Caves at Lascaux [lass co] • Painting at Lascaux Caves (south central France) • Painters used irregularities in cave walls to add a 3-D effect to figures • Paintings portray an awe and reverence towards animals which shows that for the first time people were expressing religious beliefs (rituals related to hunting magic; sacrifices of animals)

9. Venus of Willendorf Small sculptures such as the Venus of Willendorf were common to the Paleolithic Age Sculpture features exaggerated curves (large breasts and wide hips) on female figure Venus figurines are symbolic of the importance of fertility of a mother goddess Venus of Willendorf

10. PALEOLITHIC Better hunting strategies due to co-operation and more lethal weapons Better tools for skinning game, preparing food, sewing clothes Cro-Magnons stored food over winter showing more planning bow and arrow around 20 000 BCE NEOLITHIC efficient tools which helped farm and make weapons and tools Domestication of animals to do manual work and the planting of crops freed people from the pursuit of food leisure activities (art, music, sports, religion) Weapons & Technology

13. STONEHENGE • Stonehenge is located on Salisbury Plain in England • Created 2800-1500 BCE • Stonehenge is an example of a Neolithic megalith (megalith = Greek for “big stones”) • Exact purpose is unknown: religious rituals, agricultural markers or astronomical observatories?

14. Mystery of Stonehenge • Stonehenge was built in 3 major stages over 1300 years (tribal people, Beaker people, Battle Axe folk people) • Megaliths stones approx. 45 t and Heel Stone is 31 t • Great debate over the positioning of the stones • stones reflect an understanding of astronomy and mathematics (positions reflect sunrise, eclipses of sun and moon) • stones could be a religious ritual to sun or moon gods • Others believe stones were built to show changing seasons for agriculture

15. Major Innovations of the Stone Age • More complex human societies (from semi-nomadic to permanent cities; domestication of animals; leisure time) • Development of social hierarchies • Development of alliances and cooperation • Marriage customs • Development of trade goods and routes • Religious rituals • Refined sense of artistic beauty

16. ALL THESE LEAD TO THE FIRST “CIVILIZATION”