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Chapter 20

Chapter 20. The Axial Skeleton. Skeletal system includes both:. Axial skeleton Skull Vertebral column Thoracic cage Appendicular skeleton Pectoral and pelvic girdles Upper and lower limbs. The Skull. The cranium. Cranial vault or calvaria

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Chapter 20

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  1. Chapter 20 The Axial Skeleton

  2. Skeletal system includes both: • Axial skeleton • Skull • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage • Appendicular skeleton • Pectoral and pelvic girdles • Upper and lower limbs

  3. The Skull

  4. The cranium • Cranial vault or calvaria • Superior, lateral, and posterior walls of the skull • Cranial floor or base • Anterior fossa • Middle fossa • Posterior fossa

  5. The skull • Consists of the cranium and the bones ofthe face • Sutures • Lambdoid-between occipital and parietal bones • Coronal-between parietal and frontal bones • Sagittal-between parietal bones • Squamous-between parietal and temporal bones

  6. The skull

  7. The skull

  8. The skull

  9. Cranial Bones • one occipital bone • foramen magnum • two parietal bones • one frontal bone • frontal sinuses • glabella • two temporal bones • auditory ossicles • one sphenoid • one ethmoid

  10. The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull

  11. The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull

  12. The Occipital and Parietal Bones

  13. Occipital and Parietal Bones • Occipital bone • Foramen magnum • Occipital condyle • External occipital protuberance • Parietal bone • Frontal bone • Supraorbital foramen • Glabella

  14. Frontal bone

  15. Temporal bone

  16. Temporal bone • Squamous suture • Zygomatic process • Zygomatic arch • Mandibularfossa • External auditory meatus • Styloid process

  17. Temporal bone is divided in regions • Mastoid process • Mastoiditis • Meningitis • Stylomastoid foramen • Passage for cranial nerve VII • Internal acustic meatus • Passage for cranial nerves VII and VIII

  18. The Sphenoid

  19. Sphenoid bone • Greater wings • Sellaturcica • For the pituitary gland

  20. The Ethmoid

  21. Ethmoid bone • Crista galli • Attachment of the dura mater • Cribiform plate • Passage of olfactory nerves

  22. Ethmoid bone • Perpendicular plate • Forms the superior part of the nasal septum • Superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates) • Covered by mucosa • Warms and humidifies the air

  23. Facial bones • Maxillary bones • Mandible • Palatine bones • Nasal bones • Vomer • Inferior nasal conchae • Zygomatic bones • Lacrimal bones

  24. Maxillae • Alveolar margim • Palatine process- anterior hard palate • Incisive fossa- passage for nerves and blood vessels

  25. Maxillary bone

  26. Vomer, Zygomatic and Lacrimal bones • Zygomaticbone • articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone forming the zygomaticarch

  27. Facial bones

  28. Mandible • Body- horizontal portion • Ramus-vertical portion • Mandibular condyle- articulates with temporal bone • Coronoid process • Angle • Alveolar margin- with sockets for the teeth • Mandibular foramen – site of Novocain injection

  29. The mandible

  30. The Mandible and Hyoid Bones

  31. Cranial Foramens to identify • External view: • Supraorbitalforamen-for blood vessels and nerves • Infraorbital foramen-blood vessels and nerves • Mental foramen-blood vessels and nerves • Stylomastoidforamen- nerve VII • Carotid canal-for carotid artery • External auditorymeatus-leads to eardrum • Incisivefossa-for blood vessels and nerves

  32. Cranial Foramens to identify • Internal view • Optic canal-for optic nerve • Superior and inferior orbital fissure • “ROS” • Rotundum- for a branch of V • Ovale-for a branch of V • Spinosum-for middle meningeal artery

  33. Cranial Foramens to identify • Foramen lacerum-internal carotid • Jugularforamen-for jugular vein; IX, X,XI cranial nerves • Internal acusticmeatus-for VII,VIII • Hypoglossal canal-for XII • Foramen magnum-for spinal cord

  34. The Vertebral Column

  35. Vertebral column • 7 cervical vertebrae • 12 thoracic vertebrae • 5 lumbar vertebrae • 5 sacrum fused vetebrae • 3-5 fused coccyx vertebrae

  36. Vertebral column • Intervertebral discs- pads of fibrocartilage between the vertebrae • Nucleus pulposus- central soft region • Annulus fibrosus- outer ring. Collagen fibers • Herniated disc- protusionof the nucleus pulposus

  37. Spinal curvatures Figure 7.16

  38. Spinal curvatures • Four spinal curves- posterior view • Primary curvatures – present at birth • Thoracic - convex • Sacral- convex • Secondary curvatures – develops after birth • Cervical- concave • Lumbar- concave

  39. Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine

  40. Structure of a typical vertebra • Body- rounded portion. Anterior part • Vertebral Foramen-for the spinal cord • Transverse process • Spinous process-single and posterior • Intervertebral foramina-it is seen when 2 vertebras are put together. Passage of the spinal nerves

  41. Cervical vertebra • Transverse foraminas- only present in cervical vertebrae • Atlas or C1 • No body • Join with the head and provides for range of motion (when you nod yes)

  42. Cervical vertebra • Axis or C2 • Odontoid process or dens-allows rotation of the head (when you nod no)

  43. Thoracic vertebrae • Spinous process-long and downward • Rib facet – for articulation with 1 rib

  44. Lumbar vertebrae • Massive body • Short and thick and more horizontal spinous processes • No rib facets • No transverse foramem • Superior and inferior articular processes

  45. Sacrum • Medial sacral crest-remnant of the spinous processes • Alae- formed by fusion of the transverse processes. It articulates with the hip bones • Sacral foramina- passage for blood vessels and nerves • Sacral canal- continuation of the verterbral canal

  46. Sacrum and coccyx • Sacral hiatus-inferior opening of the sacral canal • Sacral promontory- rim on the anterior and superior part of the sacrum • Coccyx • Attached to the sacrum by ligaments

  47. The bony thorax • Sternum • Manubrium-articulates with the clavicle • Body • Xiphoid process-inferior end. Made of hyaline cartilage in children and is ossified in adults • Jugular notch • Sternal angle-between the body and the manubrium

  48. The ribs • Tubercle – is inferior • Costal groove –depression along the inferior side • Sternal end-articulates with sternum

  49. Types of ribs • True • Ribs 1-7 • Attached to the sternum through their own cartilage

  50. Types of ribs • False • 8-12 • 8-10 are vertebrochondral ribs • Attaches to the sternum indireclty through the cartilage of the C7 • 11-12 are floating ribs • No attachment to the sternum

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