Integrated Pest Management Andrew Lawson Professor of Entomology and Chair, Department of Plant Sciences, California St

1. Integrated Pest Management Andrew Lawson Professor of Entomology and Chair, Department of Plant Sciences, California State University, Fresno

2. What is IPM? • ecosystem based strategy with focus on long-term prevention of pest or their damage through a combination of techniques, incl: • biological control • habitat manipulation • modification of cultural practices • use of resistant varieties • pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates the need and with goal of removing only target organism • all control methods are done in a way to minimize risks to human health, beneficials, non-targets, and the environment.

3. Pest Management Strategies: Prevention – methods include planting disease free seed, resistant varieties, plant or harvest dates unfavorable for pest, removal of overwinter sites…. Suppression– reduce existing populations to tolerable levels. Methods include aug. biocontrol, mowing or cultivating weeds, pesticide sprays Eradication – aimed at totally eliminating the pest from an area – usually for newly introduced exotic pest species eg Mediterranean fruit fly, Asian gypsy moth in Orange Co, Light Brown Apple Moth

4. Types of Damage: Direct damage– where they feed on the part of crop we use. CA red scale Codling moth A. B. Lawson

5. Indirect damage – where they feed on parts of the plant we don’t use • eg root feeders, leaf feeders – reduces quality or potential yield grape leaffolder, Desmia funeralis

6. May also act as vectors of plant diseases eg Pierce’s disease, vectored by GWSS

7. And vector human diseases (malaria, West Nile virus, yellow fever, dengue fever….)

8. Insect and mite pests in California walnuts. KEY PESTS codling moth These pests must be managed in most orchards everynavel orangeworm year or economic damage will occur. Pesticide treatments walnut husk fly for these pests often cause outbreaks of secondary pests. SECONDARY PESTS walnut aphid These pests are often well controlled by natural dusky‑veined aphid enemies in orchards that do not receive applications frosted scale of broad­spectrum insecticides. They become walnut scale problems primarily when sprays applied to manage San Jose scale key pests kill their natural enemies. spider mites OCCASIONAL PESTS Pacific flatheaded borers These pests may cause problems in some orchards redhumped caterpillars once every few years when environmental conditions oystershell scale favor their development. Italian pear scale

9. Sources for additional information on pest of California crops. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/

11. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PCA/pcainvert.html

12. Additional resources: • IPM in Practice : Principles and methods of integrated pest management. Mary Louise Flint and Patricia Gouveia Eds. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2001. 296 pp. • Entomology and pest management, Larry P. Pedigo. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, c2008. 816 p. : ill., maps ; 26 cm. • Introduction to insect pest management, edited by Robert L. Metcalf, William H. Luckmann. 2nd ed. New York : Wiley, c1982. xiv, 577 p. : ill. ; 24 cm • Natural Enemies Handbook: The illustrated guide to biological pest control. M. L. Flint and S. H. Driestadt. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 1998. 154 pp.

13. Host Resistance Resistant Plant Cultivars - those with inherited characters that result in less pest damage or infestation Host resistance is one of the most effective and least expensive management tools

14. Examples • Nematode resistance in many crops (beans, cotton, potato, alfalfa, citrus, grape, walnut… ) • Phyloxera resistance in grapes using resistance rootstock • Spotted alfalfa aphid resistance in Lahontan cultivars of alfalfa

15. GMO Example: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacteria which produces a protein crystal which acts as an insecticidal toxin. The gene which codes for this protein has been isolated and inserted into a number of crops (corn, cotton, rice and potato (discontinued)) The plant then expresses the Bt gene, producing the protein and is toxic to the lepidopteran pests feeding on it.

16. Susceptible Cotton Bt Cotton

17. Modifying Insect Behavior: Pheromonesare classified based on the type of interaction mediated Eg alarm, aggregation, or sex • Main uses in IPM: • detection • monitoring • mating disruption • mostly rely on sex pheromones

18. Most sex pheromones are produced by the female and used by the male for mate location. wind

19. The most common use is to attract insects to traps for detection and monitoring

20. Wing type pheromone trap used for OFM, PTB OBLR… etc A. B. Lawson

21. A delta trap used for codling moth, pink bollworm, gypsy moth, PTB… A. B. Lawson

22. Trapping taken to the obvious next step - male annihilation – place enough traps to catch enough males so females have no mates. Used for pink bollworms in Arizona with 5 traps per acre, but hard to evaluate. Estimated that > 95% would have to be destroyed before population would be limited. Un-trapped males just mate more frequently.

23. Mass trapping • An aggregation pheromone may be used to attract both sexes – trap enough to reduce overall population

24. Mating Disruption: two main approaches – false trail following and mating confusion. • False Trail Following – place out many more point sources (low release rate) per acre than the number of females • males essentially “waste time” by following dead end trails

25. Mating Confusion: place large doses of pheromone in the field sufficient to hide the trail of females • part of confusion comes from antennal receptors become habituated and no longer respond to pheromone • end result is insect becomes unable to orient to any pheromone source

26. Examples of pheromone use in IPM Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) • major pest of cotton in southern California deserts. • In the central valley CDFA has an ongoing project to prevent establishment through sterile male release and pheromone mating disruption

27. damage

28. The pheromone is called gossyplurein commercial formulations (7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate) • has been produced in aerially applied formulations including hollow fibers, flakes, and microcapsules • has also been produced in twist tie ropes and twist-on spirals

29. Cultural Practices refers to the management techniques or options which may be manipulated to achieve crop production goals Cultural Control is manipulation of the environment making it less favorable to pest invasion, reproduction, survival or dispersal Most often used as a preventative pest management tool. Good cultural practices rely on good understanding of crop and pest biology, ecology and phenology

30. Site Selection Select a site that is pest free or select a crop or variety that is well suited to the area. Plants poorly adapted to a site are stressed and therefore more susceptible to insects and disease Avoid planting in fields with a history of weed, nematode or disease problems or plant a crop where these problems are more easily managed

31. Sanitation Techniques • Typically refers to efforts to maintain clean fields and equipment to reduce spread of pests or eliminate their habitat • Eg: Use certified seed, tubers or rootstock to prevent the spread of nematodes, weeds and pathogens

32. Eg. removal of mummy nuts from almond trees eliminates overwintering sites for navel orange worm

33. Eg 2 collection of dropped fruit reduces populations of codling moth, apple maggot, and plum curculio

34. Destruction of Alternate Hosts: Destroying alternate hosts which pests use to build up numbers on or require to complete lifecycle

35. Eg. Lettuce root aphid Pemphigus busarius overwinters in galls on poplar trees Populations have been reduced below damaging levels by eliminating poplar windbreaks

36. Eg 2 destroy mustard hosts around cole crop fields to help control cabbage aphid Brassica spp

37. Habitat Modification: Pest problems happen when conditions required for survival by the pests are favorable. Habitat modification intentionally limits one or more of these requirements Eg. Draining areas with standing water reduces breeding sites for mosquitoes

38. Planting and Harvest Dates: Plant or harvest on dates to avoid pests Eg. Early harvest on costal avocados can help control greenhouse thrips

39. On cotton – cotton plowdown program in San Joaquin Valley dictates no cotton planted before March 20. Avoids flight period of emerging female pink bollworms in spring so they have no hosts to lay eggs on

40. PTB OFM Fertilizers and Soil Amendments: Healthy plants tend to have a greater resistance to pests, but over fertilization may create more pests Eg. Excess nitrogen on nectarines increases brown rot, Oriental fruit moth (Gapholita molesta), and Peach twig Borer (Anarsia eatella)

41. Excess nitrogen on cotton tends to increase cotton aphid, leafhoppers and cotton bollworm

42. Mechanical and Physical Control Mechanical and Physical controls include practices that mechanically destroy pests or present a physical barrier to their infestation

43. Soil Tillage: Tillage or cultivation may kill weeds, disrupt lifecycle of some pests, and bury disease inoculum May also expose insects to desiccation

44. Omnivorous leafroller (Platynota stultana) overwinters in the larval stage in grape mummies, vineyard weeds, and other trash in the vineyard

45. larvae Adult female

46. The French plow is used in vineyards in early spring before new growth begins to bury overwintering larvae of the omnivorous leaf roller.

47. Soil Solarization has been effective in controlling certain soilborne pathogens, many weeds, and certain insects – increases temperature to lethal levels A clear plastic tarp is placed over bare, moistened soil for 3 – 6 weeks during the hottest part of the year.

48. Cold storage destroys apple maggot and plum curculio in apples.

49. Barriers may exclude pests – eg.Tanglefoot band on citrus to exclude ants

50. Sterile Insect Technique First developed for screwworm fly (Calliphoridae), a parasite of cattle in Southern US, Central and South America