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INFECTIONS & VACCINATIONS

INFECTIONS & VACCINATIONS. WK: 04/17—04/20. On Tuesday You Learned:. 10b/10d : T he role of antibodies and how they respond to infections **Let’s Review! -What is the area filled with protein called on a virus? Where does it attach?

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INFECTIONS & VACCINATIONS

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  1. INFECTIONS&VACCINATIONS WK: 04/17—04/20

  2. On Tuesday You Learned: • 10b/10d: The role of antibodies and how they respond to infections • **Let’s Review! • -What is the area filled with protein called on a virus? Where does it attach? • -What are the two types of viral infections we learned about? • -What is a prophage? • -What is a retrovirus?

  3. Today You Will Learn: • 10c:Understand how vaccination protects individuals from infectious diseases • (Intro to 10d): Important differences between bacteria and viruses—about the body’s primary defenses against bacteria and viral infections, and treatments

  4. What Is A Disease? • A disease is any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal functions of the body • Some are produced by agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi • Others are caused by materials in the environment, such as cigarette smoke • Few others are inherited, like hemophilia • Diseases caused by PATHOGENS are generally called infectious diseases Source: Levine/Miller 40-1

  5. BECAUSE SOME OF YOU ASKED… • How is a disease spread? • From one person to another through coughing, sneezing, or physical contact • Pathogens in the air—when one sneezes • Through contaminated water or food • Through contaminated animals—animals that carry a pathogen from one person to another are called vectors Source: Levine/Miller 40-1

  6. Fighting Infections • ANTIBIOTICS are infection-fighting drugs—they are compounds that kill bacteria without harming the cells of the human or animal hosts—they work by interfering with the cellular processes of microorganisms • Source: Levine/Miller 40-1

  7. HOW DOES BACTERIA CAUSE DISEASE? • Bacteria lives on and within our bodies—NOT ALL BACTERIA IS BAD. In fact, some is helpful to our essential functions, like digesting food • The role of pathogenic bacteria, on the other hand disrupts the body’s equilibrium by interfering with its normal activities and producing disease • HOW? • By breaking the cells for food; destroys tissue • Or, by releasing toxins through the blood stream that interfere with the activity of the host cell Source: Levine/Miller 19-3

  8. How to Prevent/Kill Bacteria • Sterilization: killing bacteria with heat (homeostatic ex: fever) • Disinfectants: chemical solutions that kill pathogenic bacteria. WARNING: constant use of disinfectants will cause bacteria to become “immune” to it, meaning they would no longer be as effective • Food Processing: refrigerating food—temperature takes bacteria longer to multiply Source: Miller/Levin 19-3

  9. The Immune System • Remember that the function of the IMMUNE SYSTEM is to fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate “foreign substances” (pathogens) or cells—immunity TWO KINDS= 1. Non-specific defenses guard against infections by keeping most things out of the body 2. Specific defenses track down harmful pathogens that manage to get through the non- specific defenses Source: Miller/Levin 19-3

  10. How Does The Body Defend Against Infections? • (Non-Specific) First Line Defense: The skin! • (Non-Specific) Second Line Defense: Inflammatory response—react to tissue that the infection has damaged by inflaming • WHITE BLOOD CELLS!!! (remember WBC protect against infection?) White Blood Cells (Phagocytes) fight bacteria, but as a result inflames the tissue • Interferons interfere with the growth of the virus so that they don’t affect cells as easily Source: Miller/Levin 40-2

  11. How the Body Protects Itself Against Infections • (SPECIFIC DEFENCES) When the pathogen gets through the non-specific guards, the specific defenses kick in to fight the virus—antigens (T cells and B cells) trigger this response! • Memory B cells remember the antibody necessary to kill off that particular pathogen, making it less likely that the disease will form again • CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY: when a virus or other pathogen goes into a living cell and antibodies alone cannot destroy virus—This is when Killer T cells are necessary to kill off infection

  12. VACCINATIONS • A vaccine is a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens. It prompts the body to produce immunity to the disease—in other words, train the body to kill off those pathogens • Vaccines are used to fight VIRUSES because antibiotics can’t kill a virus in the same way that it kills bacteria Source: Miller/Levine 19-3

  13. ACTIVE IMMUNITY • More than 20 serious human diseases can be prevented by vaccination • How do Vaccines work? They stimulate the immune system to create millions of plasma cells ready to produce antibodies—when a body is “trained” for a specific disease, we call that ACTIVE IMMUNITY

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