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Biological Beginnings. The Evolutionary PerspectiveGenetic FoundationsHeredity, Environment, and Individual Differences Prenatal Development Birth. The Evolutionary Perspective. Natural selection and adaptive behaviorDarwin and his observationsAll organisms must adapt in lifeEvolutionary
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1. LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
2. Biological Beginnings The Evolutionary Perspective
Genetic Foundations
Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences
Prenatal Development
Birth
3. The Evolutionary Perspective Natural selection and adaptive behavior
Darwin and his observations
All organisms must adapt in life
Evolutionary psychology
Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
Evolution explains human behavior
4. Evolution and Life-Span Development Benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age
Natural selection failures: harmful conditions and non-adaptive characteristics
As adults weaken biologically, culture-based needs increase
Alternative: ‘bi-directional view’
6. Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology Remains just one theoretical approach
Evolution does not dictate behavior
Biology allows broad range of cultural possibilities
7. The Genetic Process — Beginning Life As A Single Cell DNA and the collaborative gene
DNA — deoxyribonucleic acid
Chromosomes — thread-like structures
Genes — units of hereditary information
Human Genome Project
8. Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
9. The Genetic Process Genes and chromosomes
Meiosis — specialized form of cell
division
Fertilization — egg and sperm fuse
together
Genetic variability in the population
X and Y chromosomes and sex
10. Genetic Principles Dominant and recessive genes
Sex-linked genes
X-linked inheritance for males and females
Genetic imprinting
Imprinted gene dominates
Poly-genetically determined characteristics
Many genes interact to influence a trait
12. Genetic Principles Chromosome abnormalities
Down syndrome
Sex-linked chromosome abnormalities
Klinefelter syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Turner syndrome
XYY syndrome
13. Gene-Linked Abnormalities PKU: phenylketonuria
Sickle-cell anemia
Cystic fibrosis
Diabetes
Hemophilia
Genetic disorders can sometimes be compensated for by other genes or events
14. Reaction Range Range of possible phenotypes for each genotype, suggesting importance of environment’s restrictiveness or richness
Canalization—process by which characteristics take a narrow path or developmental course
15. Chromosome and Gene-Linked Abnormalities Down Syndrome — chromosomally transmitted form of mental retardation
Caused by extra (47th) chromosome
Sex-linked Chromosome Abnormalities
Caused by problems with sex chromosomes
16. Sex-Linked Chromosome Abnormalities
17. Behavior Genetics Studies influence of heredity and environment on individual differences
Studies use twins or adoptees
Monozygotic and dizygotic twins
Adoption study: examine behavior and psychological characteristics
18. Heredity-Environment Correlations In infancy, environment mostly controlled by parents
As children age, their experiences extend more beyond the family’s influence
Shared environments are analyzed
Commonalities between children attributed to heredity-environment interaction
19. The Heredity-Environment and Epigenetic Views
20. The Course of Prenatal Development Germinal period: 2 weeks after conception
Embryonic period: 2 to 8 weeks after conception
Three layers form
Umbilical cord connect to placenta
Fetal period
From 2 months after conception to birth
Trimesters of pregnancy
22. Prenatal Diagnostic Tests Amniocentesis: samples amniotic fluid
Ultrasound sonography
Chorionic villi sampling: small sample of placenta taken
Maternal blood test
23. Teratogens and the Prenatal Environment Teratogen: agent causing birth defects
Severity of damage affected by
Dose
Genetic susceptibility
Time of exposure
Effects of prescription and nonprescription drugs
25. Teratogens and the prenatal environment Psychoactive drugs
Alcohol and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Nicotine’s link to SIDS, ADHD, low birth weight
Effect of father’s smoking
Cocaine, marijuana, and heroin
Environmental hazards and pollutants
26. Teratogens and the prenatal environment Infectious diseases (AIDS and STDs)
Incompatible blood types of parents
Rh-positive and Rh-negative
Other prenatal factors
Nutrition, prenatal education and care
Age of parents
Maternal emotional states and stress
27. The Process of Birth Stages of birth: occurs in three stages
Uterine contractions
Baby’s head moves through birth canal
Afterbirth when placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled
Baby must withstand stress of birth
28. Strategies for Childbirth Deciding what setting, who attends, and what technique will be used
Home delivery, birthing center, or hospital?
99% of all U.S. births occur in hospitals
Home births more common outside U.S.
Role of midwife, nurse, and physician
29. Methods of Delivery Medication with analgesics (epidural block, oxytocics, etc.)
Possible effects of drugs on fetus
Natural childbirth
Prepared childbirth and the Lamaze method
Cesarean sections for breech babies, other risks and benefits
30. Neonatal Health and Responsiveness Low birth weight infants in U.S. and world
Weigh less than 5.5 lbs
Very low birth weight: less than 3 lbs
Preterm infants: 35 or fewer weeks after conception (about 12% of U.S. births)
Small-for-date infants: weigh less than they should
31. Neonatal Health and Responsiveness Consequences of low birth weight
Low brain weight and risk of brain injury
Lung and liver disease
ADHD and learning problems/disabilities
Breathing problems and asthma
Lower achievement levels
Some effects can be reversed
32. Assessing the Newborn Apgar Scale: heart, reflexes, and color
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS)
A sensitive index of neurological competence
Four categories in global terms
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)
34. Tiffany Field’s Research on Massage Therapy Massage therapy led to 47% greater weight gain for preterm infants
Also demonstrated benefits of massage for
Labor pain
Asthma
ADHD
Arthritis
Autistic children
36. Bonding Needs to occur shortly after birth
Early emotional attachments may create healthy interactions after leaving hospital
Rooming-in arrangements offered
Massages and tactile stimulation for premature infants affect development
37. The End