Energy Conservation

Energy Conservation For Consumers, and Large Electric Power Systems

Overview • What is Energy Conservation-EM? • Energy Conservation at the consumer side • Energy Conservation by solving power system Planning & Operational problems using artificial intelligence techniques • Demand Side Management -DSM

Energy Conservation & Energy Efficiency • Reduce energy demand to reasonable minimum Cost • Recover and re-use heat where possible • Use energy efficient equipment to supply remaining energy demand • Integrate energy systems where possible • Provide a means to manage use of energy • intelligent computer driven systems in the area of energy conservation of electric networks

How can energy efficiency be achieved or improved at the consumer side? • ‘Good Housekeeping’ in facility operations (for example the laundry machines with single phase motors which can be used as 3 phase and save a lot of energy) • Location, Design & Construction of energy saving devices. • Application of Technology • Designed-in for new-Building/Commercial/Residential Industrial Facilities • Retro- / Refitting & refurbishment at Min-added cost

Controls Lighting Technology Ventilation Systems Heating Systems Heat Recovery Insulation Pool Covers Dehumidification Building energy Management Systems (BEMS) Energy efficiency technology at the consumer side

Controls Payback < 1 yr • Occupancy sensors • Time switches & Optimizers • Timed control of heat demand & plant • Optimizer controls running time in relation to internal and external temperature • Thermostatic heating controls • Heating plant and radiator valves • Humidistat • Pool hall ventilation efficiency

Lighting Savings 8-50% Payback 1-6 yrs • Appropriate use of: • Tungsten filament lights – low-use areas • compact fluorescents – general areas • Tungsten halogen spotlights – display areas • Narrow diameter tubular fluorescents – corridors, staff areas • High pressure sodium floodlights – pool & sports halls (nb colour appearance) • Electronic starters • Reflectors

Ventilation & Heating Savings Up to 20% Payback 3-5 yrs • Medium to high investment required • Variable ventilation • in relation to acceptable humidity levels (<65%) • 100% fresh air or Partial recirculation • The pros & cons? • Heat recovery applications • Variable speed fans (supply / extract) • High efficiency & condensing boilers • Modular boilers • Combined Heat & Power (CHP)

Heat Recovery Savings 20-40% Payback 3-5 yrs • Run Around Coils • Versatile & suits retro-fit • Recovers up to 60% heat energy • Cross Flow Heat Exchangers • Ventilation or water applications • Up to 75% heat recovery • Thermal Wheels • Ventilation applications • Recovers up to 75% of heat

Building Fabric & Insulation • Roof space reduction • Choice and position of glazing to minimise solar gain • Double glazing of windows to reduce heat loss • Thermal insulation of roof and wall spaces • Thermal insulation of pipe work & ducting

Pool Covers • Medium level of investment costs • Reduce convective and evaporative heat loss • Allow ventilation to be reduced • Combined with humidistat to enhance efficiency Savings 10-30% Payback 1.5 – 3 yrs

Dehumidification Savings Up to 40% Payback 3 – 5 yrs • (electric) Heat pumps • Collects sensible & latent heat as water first evaporates and then condenses, using reduced pressure and temperature • Transfers heat to incoming air • (gas-powered) Desiccant wheel • Absorbs moisture on ‘honeycomb matrix’,later evaporated & discharged to atmosphere • Reduces need to ventilate

Building Energy Management System • High investment costs • Central processor linked to sensors and controls around the building • Flow sensors • Temperature sensors • Operator-programmed & interactive • Seasonal and other ‘strategies’ for energy management • Reports aid monitoring and control • Requires training and technical support

INTELLIGENT SOLUTIONS TO ENERGY CONSERVATION PROBLEMS OF THE ELECTIC NETWORKS • Energy Conservation-EM: has become an important problem during the last years, in most of the countries. • The general belief is that it is economically better to reduce energy loss and waste than increasing costs in generation and transmission systems.

AI Techniques • Energy conservation is at the same time a technical and a conscience problem. • At the technical side, a number of problems can be successfully approached through intelligent systems for the purposes of energy management and conservation. Intelligent Techniques are having a growing impact on the electricity sector.

Intelligent System Applications in the electricity sector for electrical energy management and conservation • A new generation of intelligent computing techniques is entering the electricity sector. • These techniques include neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic and expert systems. • In the electricity sector, intelligent techniques are being applied to : • load forecasting, • optimal capacitor placement, • economic load dispatch… etc, and in many cases are outperforming traditional methods.

The areas of electricity sector for electrical energy management and conservation

Intelligent Techniques and their properties

Conclusions • Energy conservation should be a priority for everyone nowadays. • For large organizations, electrical energy savings are even more relevant because their bills are bigger and their usage is greater. • Finding ways to deal smartly with facilities and household equipments will have a great impact in Houses and buildings. • The effects of these intelligent computer driven systems will • The effect of AI methods will soon become clear in the area of energy conservation as they become commercial products.

References: • en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy • hes.lbl.gov • Figueredo, et. al., Intelligent Solutions to Energy Conservation Problems, http://www.ica.ele.puc/rio.br/publicacoes

Energy Conservation