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Yahayra Michel-Smith and Murray A. Straus

Dyadic Patterns Of Perpetration Of Physical Assault And Injury Of Dating Partners By Male And Female University Students In 32 Nations. Yahayra Michel-Smith and Murray A. Straus Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, USA Durham, NH 03824 603-862-2594

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Yahayra Michel-Smith and Murray A. Straus

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  1. Dyadic Patterns Of Perpetration Of Physical Assault And Injury Of Dating Partners By Male And Female University Students In 32 Nations • Yahayra Michel-Smith and Murray A. Straus • Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, USA • Durham, NH 03824 603-862-2594 • murray.straus@unh.edu or ycq4@unh.edu • Website: http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2 • Presented at the Stockholm Criminology Symposium, Stockholm, Sweden, 9 to 11 June, 2014. • Other publications on this and related issues can be downloaded from http//:www.pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2 • The work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant T32MH15161 and by the University of New Hampshire

  2. Dyadic Types Defined • A method of assessing behavior at the couple level • Not the same as male-to-female (or female-to-male) assault • Mutually Exclusive Typology • How Measured • Only need one respondent • Cross tabulated individual level data • Versions • Gender (Male-Only, Female-Only Both) • Partner Version (Self-Only, Partner-Only, Both) • Child Respondent (Mother-Only, Father-Only, Both)

  3. Dyadic Types-Why Important • Violence is not a homogenous phenomenon • One of several conflict management techniques • Interaction of two or more parties • Varies by the case • Is usually moralistic • Effects vary based on type • Mental health • Antisocial symptoms • Criminal beliefs • Criminal behavior • Informs the ongoing unilateral vs. bilateral debate Black’s Conflict Management Theory

  4. Questions To Be Addressed • When there was physical violence, what percent of cases were in each DT? • 1a. Does it vary by gender of respondent? • 1b. Is there consistency over nations and regions? • 2. Does the percent in each DT differ when data is based on severe assaults? • How often did men and women in each DT physically assault and injure their partner?

  5. DATA FROM THE INTERNATIONAL DATING VIOLENCE STUDY 2001-2006 http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/ID.htm • Convenience Sample of Students • 14,252 At 68 Universities • In 32 Nations • Includes data from all major regions of the world

  6. Table 1 International Dating Violence Study Sample Students In A Relationship

  7. DATA FROM THE INTERNATIONAL DATING VIOLENCE STUDY http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/ID.htm • Convenience Sample of Students • 14,252 At 68 Universities • In 32 Nations • Includes data from all major regions of the world • Questionnaires completed in class • Analyses Control For • * Age • * gender • * SES • * Social Desirability Scale • * Nation

  8. DATA FROM THE INTERNATIONAL DATING VIOLENCE STUDY http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/ID.htm • Convenience Sample of Students • 14,252 At 68 Universities • In 32 Nations • Includes data from all major regions of the world • Questionnaires completed in class • Analyses Control For • * Age • * gender • * SES • * Social Desirability Scale • * Nation • VALIDITY OF THE DATA • Concurrent validity: correlated with recognized international statistics • Representative Samples • Mean = .50 (.43 to .69)

  9. The Higher The Empowerment Of Women In A Nation, The Lower The Dominance Of Men In Dating Relationships (29 Nations) Partial r = .-.69

  10. Measures-Revised CTS2 Physical Assault (alpha =.86) • Kicked, bit or punched • Slapped • Threw something that could hurt • Grabbed • Twisted arm or hair • Beat up * • Choked * • Slammed against wall* • Used knife or gun* • Burned or scalded on purpose* Injury (alpha =.95) • Partner was cut or bleeding • Partner went to doctor for injury • Partner needed to see doctor but didn’t • Partner felt pain the next day • Partner had sprain or bruise • Partner’s private parts were bleeding

  11. Q1: When there was physical violence, what percent of cases were in each DT? Q1a: Does it vary by gender?

  12. Q1b: Is there consistency over nations? Prevalence rates varied widely across nations, but the dyadic type patterns were relatively consistent across nations Both-Assaulted was consistently the most prevalent dyadic types Female-Only was the next most common category in 27:32 nations Male-Only was the next highest category in 5 out of 32 nations

  13. Q2: Does the percent in each DT differ when data is based on severe assaults? Any Assault Severe Assault Based on a prevalence rate of 31%

  14. Q2b: Is there consistency over nations? Prevalence rates varied widely across nations, but the dyadic type patterns were relatively consistent across nations Both-Assaulted was the most prevalent dyadic types in 26:32 nations Female-Only was the next most common category in 27:32 nations Male-Only was the next highest category in 5 out of 32 nations

  15. Q3: How often did men and women in each DT injure their partner? Based on a prevalence rate of 7%

  16. Q3a: Is there consistency over regions? Prevalence rates varied widely across regions, but the dyadic type patterns were relatively consistent across nations Both-Assaulted was the most prevalent dyadic types in 8:8 regions (100%) Male-Only was the next highest category in 5 out of 8 regions Female-Only was the next most common category in 3:8 nations (25%)

  17. Summary of Findings • This study obtained data on physical violence between partners in a relationship lasting more than 30 days. • Both most prevalent • Female-Only is the second most common • Based on any assault, severe assault*and according to male and female respondents • Results based on injury also suggests • Both is most prevalent • Male-Only is the second most common • Findings relatively consistent across nations

  18. Q4: What percent of male and female students in each DT were the first to hit? Is the violence perpetrated by women accounted for by self-defense?

  19. Q5: To what degree does the assaultive behavior of men and women who are in the Both DT differ? Are dyadic types obscuring something? Both are doing it, but is it equally both?

  20. THE HIGHER THE PERCENT OF COUPLES IN A NATIONAL SETTINGS WHO WERE BOTH VIOLENT, THE HIGHER THE PERCENT INJURED Relationship is strong for both men & women, but even stronger for women Women Beta - .72 Men Beta = .35 % Injured % Of Relationships Both Violent % Of Relationships Both Violent Are men more effective at using violence?

  21. Are the results presented unique to this study, sample, measure, and type of respondent? • Systematic Review of Dyadic Studies (in progress) • 70+ studies • 200+ comparisons • Just partner violence (55) • Rates varied, but pattern was the same • Regardless of reporter • (male, female or child) • Regardless of measure • CTS or not • Regardless of sample • Student sample • Clinical sample • Population sample • Both was the prevalent dyadic type

  22. What Explains The Consistency Of Both-Assaulted? • This is important to think about because the results suggest (with only a few exceptions) that there is a universal pattern. • Reciprocity and escalation • Both more prevalent and more frequent • Modeling • CP associated with increased likelihood for both men and women • Relationship stronger for women overall • Exposure of both partners to similar risk and protective factors for the behavior

  23. The higher the global peace index, the higher the prevalence of partner violence. Rsquare = .158 Beta = .398 Based on 30:32 Nations Note: Stars represent nations with the highest and lowest prevalence rates.

  24. The higher the gender inequality index, the higher the prevalence of partner violence. Rsquare = .216 Beta = .465 Based on 31:32 Nations Note: Stars represent nations with the highest and lowest prevalence rates.

  25. The higher the gender inequality index, the higher the percent of couples in the Both-Assault categories. (ANY) Rsquare = .352 Beta= .593

  26. What are the implications for research and intervention efforts? • More attention needs to be given to bilateral couple violence in research and in practice. • In clinical work, the DT of the case should be assessed at intake (even if only one partner treated) • In research, more studies should ask questions about both parties involvement in violence • Violence by both men and women needs to be addressed • Both-Assaulted is more prevalent • Both-Assaulted more frequent • Both –Assaulted is more likely to lead to injury • Both-Assaulted has been linked to worse outcomes for children • Victim services need tocontinue to give priority to women victims because women are injured more than men

  27. A Note About Age-Prevalence PARTNER ASSAULT RATES BY AGE AND SEX OF OFFENDER (National Family Violence Survey N= 5,229). Chart from Straus, M. A., & Ramirez, I. L. (2007). Gender symmetry in prevalence, severity, and chronicity of physical aggression against dating partners by University students in Mexico and USA. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 281-290.

  28. A note about age-Dyadic TypesPeak ages for partner assault vary by gender Women’s involvement in partner assault peaks in young adulthood. Men peak in early 30s.

  29. Limitations • Convenience Sample of Students not representative • Validity studies (previously referenced) • Results replicated using representative samples • Two-thirds of sample is women • Data either controlled for gender or presented data separately for gender. • US sample makes up close to 1/3 of sample • Data presented separately by Nation • Measure of severity initially based on researcher’s judgment of behavior that are highly likely to result in injury • Consistent pattern when looking at “severe assaults” may be due to invalid severe measure • Supported by factors analyses and interviews with women • Reporting biases by gender • Controlled for social desirability • .

  30. Moving Forward • More work needs to be done in order to explain the consistency of the Both-Assaulted DT across 32 very different nations • More cross-national measures need to be evaluated as potential explanations • Violence Acceptance • Other measures of inequality • Qualitative studies can help explain these findings • Subjective vs. Objective experience as suggested by GST • Look beyond physical assault and injury • Interactions • Are Men more “effective” in there use of violence? • If violence is moralistic in nature (or purposeful), then arguably we need to engage in it less.

  31. Additional slides

  32. Q3.In what percent of cases was hitting only by the father, only the mother, or by both? Dyadic Types Of Corporal Punishment By Parents of University Students in 15 nations (N=11,408) % Of Parents Fauchier and Straus, 2012

  33. Q4. Is being spanked at age 10 related to nine measures of criminal propensity and actual crime as a young adult, and does it make a difference which parent spanks? • The percent of students who stole money is lowest for those not spanked • Goes up when the father was the only spanker. • Goes up more when the mother was the only spanker • Is highest for students spanked at age 10 by both parents • Consistent with results on amount of spanking % Who Stole Money Dyadic Types Of Spanking

  34. The Relation Of Spanking To Violence Applies To Characteristics Of Nations • The Higher The Percent Of Students In A Nation Who Were Spanked The Stronger The Cultural Norms Approving Violent Behavior Such “A Man Should Not Walk Away From A Fight” Violence Approval Scale R = .40 % Spanked or hit a lot before age 12

  35. NINE CRIMINALITY VARIABLES • Percent That Score For Women Is Of Score For Men • Women scored lower than men on all but one of 9 criminality measures • The one exception: more women assaulted a dating partner % That Score of Women is of Male Score

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