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Pregnancy

Pregnancy. Ch 29a. Human Development Vocabulary. Pregnancy - an event that occurs from fertilization to birth Conceptus - developing offspring Gestation period - time from last menstrual period until birth (~280 days) Embryo - from fertilization through week 8

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Pregnancy

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  1. Pregnancy Ch 29a

  2. Human Development Vocabulary • Pregnancy- an event that occurs from fertilization to birth • Conceptus- developing offspring • Gestation period-time from last menstrual period until birth (~280 days) • Embryo- from fertilization through week 8 • Fetus- from week 9 through birth

  3. Stages of Development Pre-Embryonic Development Fertilization Cleavage Embryonic Development Gastrulation Organogenesis Fetal Development

  4. Fertilization Facts! • Oocyte is viable for 12-24 hrs after ovulation • Sperm are able to fertilize oocyte for up to 48 hrs • In order for fertilization to occur, coitus must take place 48 hrs before-24 hrs after ovulation • Fertilization usually occurs when oocyte is 1/3 way down fallopian tube

  5. Fertilization Corona radiata Zona pellucida

  6. Ovum and Sperm

  7. sperm head

  8. Fertilization

  9. Fertilization first polar body metaphase of second meiotic division

  10. Fertilization • Mitotic spindle with chromatids • 1st polar body • Pellucid zone • Perivitelline space • Cell membrane of the sperm • Kinocilium • Nucleus (compact) of the sperm • Proximal centrosome of the sperm

  11. Fertilization • 1st polar body • Nucleus of the sperm • Proximal centrosome of the sperm • 2nd polar body (being formed) • Remainder of the mitotic spindle

  12. Fertilization polar bodies • Sperm pronucleus • Oocyte pronucleus • Centrosome brought in by the spermatozoon

  13. Approach of Pronuclei • Sperm pronucleus • Oocyte pronucleus • Paternal centrosome • "Inner bodies" • Maternal astral microtubule

  14. Approach of Pronuclei

  15. Formation of the Zygote • Nucleic membranes of thepronuclei dissolve • Microtubules of the mitotic spindle

  16. Formation of the Zygote

  17. Cleavage

  18. Cleavage

  19. Implantation

  20. Implantation • Blastocyst floats for 2–3 days • Implantation begins 6–7 days after ovulation • Trophoblast adheres to a site with the proper receptors and chemical signals • Inflammatory-like response occurs in the endometrium

  21. Endometrium Uterine endometrial epithelium Inner cell mass Trophoblast Blastocyst cavity Lumen of uterus (a) Figure 28.5a

  22. Implantation • Trophoblasts proliferate and form two distinct layers • Cytotrophoblast (cellular trophoblast): inner layer of cells • Syncytiotrophoblast: cells in the outer layer lose their plasma membranes, invade and digest the endometrium

  23. Endometrial stroma with blood vessels and glands Syncytiotrophoblast Cytotrophoblast Inner cell mass (future embryo) Lumen of uterus (c) Figure 28.5c

  24. Implantation • The implanted blastocyst is covered over by endometrial cells • Implantation is completed by the twelfth day after ovulation

  25. syncyticotrophoblast cytotrophoblast Amniotic cavity hypoblast Yolk sac epiblast

  26. Gastrulation Primary Germ Layers Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm

  27. Organogenesis Differentiation of primary germ layers into tissues and organs.

  28. Embryonic Development

  29. Embryonic Development

  30. FetalDevelopment

  31. FetalDevelopment

  32. Development of Reproductive Organs

  33. The Placenta

  34. The Placenta

  35. 6 months ultrasound

  36. Changes in Uterus

  37. Metabolic changes during pregnancy • Caloric intake increases 300 + Kcal/day • Elevated PTH and Vitamin D • HPL causes mom to metabolize fatty acids, leaving glucose for fetus • 10% of mothers will present with gestational diabetes • 50% of those with gestational diabetes will later develop Type II Diabetes

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