Europe 1450-1550

1. Europe 1450-1550

2. Politics: Pre 1450 100 Years War France vs. England, problem over Kings, France much bigger but English superior army and technology (long bow) Joan of Arc Inspired National Identity Church begins to decline Religious and political because of the power the church possessed Conflict between monarchs beginning (Philip IV and Boniface VII 1294-1303) Unam Sanctum-Declares spiritual power superior to temporal Great Schism Conflict over pope in France, Cardinals demand a new Italian pope-Urban VI elected (not politically smart extravagent) 2 popes until 1417, Concil of Pisn deposed Benedict XIII and Gregor XII and elect Alexander but two old popes refuse to back off-3 popes

3. Politics in Western Europe Church (specifically Popes) still very powerful but falling Corrupt, sinful, lived luxious lives, led to fall Power of Monarchies in Western Europe increasing (Centralizing) France Charles VII-Gabelle (tax on salt), Taille (tax on peasants land), permanent professional army, royal court of middle class men Louis XI-Ruthless, took back Burgundy, Created postal service England War of the Roses Henry Tudor-created Court of the Star Chambers, justice on local level, did not use parliament, middle class loyalty-no taxes, minstistries Spain Not united, Charles V united, Inquisition, controlled seas, exploration

4. Politics Conflict Between monarchs and Church over power in Europe French Invasions of Italy Charles VII-1494 Louis XII invades Milan 1499 Francis I 1515 Holy Roman Empire Many small states, controlled by Habsburgs, gained territory by marriage

5. Politics in Italy Power of city states in Italy 5 major cities Florence, Venice Milan, Papal States, Naples-All constantly waring with and within each other for power. Ruled by elites or people hired by elites called podestas Church still Powerful (fading)

6. Politics The Reformation Though religious, obvious political results Diet of Augsburg Led to a stalemate between Protestants and Catholics because of a stubborn Charles V Peace of Augsburg Recognized officially that the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land-would lead to religious wars Henry VII

7. Economics Italian early dominance Italy was the center of trade and extremely prosperous in the fifteenth century but faded though remained prosperous as time went on and other states gained more power Spice Trade Very profitable led to desire for more trading routes, which led to discovery of the New World. Exploration Portugal and Spain controlled trade routes to Asia and Americas-helped lead to Italy�s downfall Discovery of riches resulted in an influx of gold People in the new world were exploited Agriculture and Mining were the two main factes of the economy

8. Society Classes Religion was and remained central part of society Aristocracy controlled most everything Feudal system-peasants worked the land Reformation�s Effect on Society Religion practices and institutions changed dramatically, changed society Protestants praised women as mothers and housewives, and challenged the former view of them as temptresses. Family Life (Reformation a factor though not only one in changes) Later Marriages and arranged Marriages Family size-consisted of Mother Father and 2-4 children into adulthood though they tended to have children every 2 years, many died Birth Control Wet Nursing-less healthy for children, result of vanity, and desire for heirs Less loving families

9. Intellectual:

12. Vernacular

17. Religious Movements