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Transformation of Western Europe: 1450-1750 CE

Transformation of Western Europe: 1450-1750 CE. Early Modern Period Unit 3. Major Trends. Renaissance: 14-16th centuries Reformation: 16th - 17th centuries Scientific Revolution: 16th - 17th centuries Absolutism: 17th - 18th centuries Age of Enlightenment: late 17th - 18th century .

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Transformation of Western Europe: 1450-1750 CE

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  1. Transformation of Western Europe: 1450-1750 CE Early Modern Period Unit 3

  2. Major Trends • Renaissance: 14-16th centuries • Reformation: 16th - 17th centuries • Scientific Revolution: 16th - 17th centuries • Absolutism: 17th - 18th centuries • Age of Enlightenment: late 17th - 18th century

  3. Renaissance Social • Some upper-class women receive education; maintain traditional social structures • European-style family; emphasis on nuclear family • Later marriage ages - regulated family size; population control • Increased tensions between upper and lower classes Political • Machiavelli • Competitive regional city-states in Italy created new ideas of competitive political families (Medicis in Florence) • Rulers influenced by banking, commerce and humanism Interactions • Result of commercial activities with other regions based in Italy trading port cities • Spreads from northern Italy through Northern Europe (France, Germany, Low Countries, England, Eastern Europe)

  4. Renaissance Culture • Renaissance art focused more on the individual and on secular affairs - very influenced by humanism • Realism • Perspective • Influence of Greek and Roman art and architectural details • Realistic body proportions; domes; sculptures • Northern Renaissance artists still paid close attention to religion, however

  5. Renaissance Economic • Commerce initiates all of the other changes during the Renaissance • Created more global economy based on Italy port cities • Result of the Crusades and contact with the Middle East • Also result of invention of printing press • Emphasis on household economy • Surge in banking thanks to families such as the Medicis in Italy • Feudalism still present in some Northern European areas

  6. Reformation - Main Details • 1517 - German priest Martin Luther posts 95Theses on Church door in Wittenberg, Germany • Challenges papal authority, monasticism, indulgences, nepotism, role of church in government, human relationship with God • Faith alone brings salvation • Spreads very quickly throughout Europe - gain support of many German princes • Major religious conflicts in Holy Roman Empire, Eastern Europe (Bohemia), England, France, Spain, the Netherlands

  7. Reformation Social: • Promotes greater educational opportunities to lower classes - Bible printed in vernacular • Increased emphasis on equality through religion • Emphasized marital love Political • Princes see opportunity to take control from Emperor and pope • Challenged role of Religion in Government • Great political turmoil due to religious wars • Treaty of Westphalia - Netherlands gains independence; rulers choose religion of their people • Edict of Nantes (France): ends persecution of Huguenots (French Protestants) • Act of Supremacy (England): English monarch is head of Anglican Church • Parliamentary power is promoted by many Protestant ideas • Spanish Inquisition

  8. Reformation Interactions • Religious wars hurt European population • Thirty Years War kills approximately 1/3 of Germany’s population (Germany, France, Sweden, England, Switzerland, Eastern Europe, Austria) • Increased missionary work through Roman Catholic Church - Counter Reformation Cultural • Spreads thanks to the printing press • Emphasis on personal connections - de-emphasized role of priests, religious authority figures • Promote reading the Bible • New religions: Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglican, etc • Counter-Reformation - Jesuits • Witch hunts (Europe, American colonies) Economic - religious wars dramatically decreased economic potential during periods of warfare

  9. Absolute Monarchies • Divine Right of Kings • Monarchs gain power over: • Legislation • Taxation • Armies • Strong centralized authority • Control over bureaucracy • Vastly limited power of the nobles • Absolute monarchies in France, Prussia, Austria, Russia • Constitutional/Parliamentary governments in Britain and the Netherlands • More on Absolutism (and the Enlightenment) later….

  10. Europe after the Peace of Westphalia (1648)

  11. Population Growth and Urbanization • Rapidly growing population due to Columbian Exchange • Improved nutrition • Role of the potato (considered an aphrodisiac in 16th and 17th centuries) • Replaces bread as staple of diet • Better nutrition reduces susceptibility to plague • Epidemic disease becomes insignificant for overall population decline by mid-17th century

  12. Population Growth in Europe

  13. Urbanization

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