Lesson Two

1. Lesson Two Marrakech

2. Aims • To know the writing technique of exposition. • To learn the methods in developing an expository writing, esp. the use of examples. • To appreciate the language features

3. Teaching Contents 1. Background information: Exposition；George Orwell 2. Detailed study of the text 3. Structure analysis /Organizational pattern 4. Language appreciation/ Language features 5. Exercises

4. Exposition • Exposition is perhaps the type of writing that is most frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional.Exposition --- expounding（解释；详细述说）explaining

5. Exposition • An expository paper explains or explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.

6. Exposition Description -- deals with appearances and feelings Narration --- deals with events and experience Exposition --- deals with processes and relationships

7. Exposition • Things can be explained bydefinition, listing, examples, classification, comparison and contrast, analysis，analogy, etc. • （常见的说明方法有下定义、列数据、举事例、分类别、作比较、作诠释、配图表、打比方、摹状貌、引资料等10种。） • 常见的说明顺序有：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。

8. Definition The key to a definition is concreteness. One has to give concrete facts to make a definition effective.

9. 2. Listing We must have enough number of items to be listed. Then, if possible, arrange the items in the graded order of increasing importance.

10. 3. Examples It's the simplest, the most common, best method.

11. 4. Classification We have to follow a system consistently. The categories of division should be mutually exclusive. There should be no overlapping. One item can belong to one category and only one.

12. 5. Comparison and contrast We liken one thing to another by pointing out their similarities (comparison) We emphasize the difference between the two. (contrast)

13. 6. Analysis We may discuss the cause and effect of a historical event, its nature and its significance in history.

14. Exposition The writer appeals to a reader‘s understanding with verifiable（能证实的）facts and valid information, explaining and interpreting that materials so that the reader will accept his point of view or explanation. Thus he must organize and develop his thought objectively and present it with honesty and completeness so that the reader will have confidence in what he is saying.

15. Exposition(organization) 1. generally the writer makes a statement of the central thought or of his purpose quite early. This statement is sometimes called the “thesis”, and may even be the title of the piece.(beginning with thesis, then supporting it with facts) 2. Sometimes the writer may first present and develop his facts and make his general statement as a conclusion at the end.(beginning with facts, then coming to a conclusion)

16. The Text It is an exposition, a political essay. Orwell['ɔ:wəl] leaves no doubt about his feelings concerning colonialism and its results. He has shown the reader how millions of people can be ignored and treated as less than human.

17. Theme ---- • The suffering and misery of the colonial people in Marrakech • The writer gives descriptions by examples. The objective presentation of examples show that the people in colonial countries are poverty-stricken.

18. George Orwell • George Orwell (1903-1950) • pen name for Eric Arthur Blair, the famous British novelist and essayist between the two world wars, the author of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, Homage to Catalonia, describing his activities during the Spanish Civil War, Down and Out in Paris and London, describing a period of poverty in these cities, The road to Wigan Pier, Burmese Days, Keep the Aspidistra flying, A Clergyman's daughter, Coming Up for Air... • best remembered today for two of his novels, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four.

19. George Orwell • He is much praised in the west partly because of his anti-communist point of view.(his view on Stalin’s policies: people freed---only to be suppressed by tyranny) • He was born in India, father, a so-called empire-builder --serving the British government abroad. • He received good education in Britain and studied in the most famous school “Eden”.

20. George Orwell • He travelled widely. Marrakech is one of the places he travelled to. His travel made him take a hostile attitude toward imperialism. He showed deep sympathy for the poor and became a firm supporter of socialism.

21. Detailed study of the text • Marrakech: N African city, famous tourist resort today

22. Detailed study of the text • Marrakech: N African city, famous tourist resort today

23. Detailed study of the text Para 1: • As the corpse.... The opening paragraph is very dramatic. The choice of this scene and the words he uses implies much more than what appears on the surface. 1) dirty 2) poor

24. in a cloud --- • a large number of small things moving through the air as a mass eg: a cloud of insects

25. crowd --- • It suggests • 1) the lack of order • 2) people are not terribly concerned about the funeral.

26. infuriate --- v. [ɪn'fjʊrɪeɪt /-'fjʊər-] • fill with fury or rage outrage; aggravate['ægrəveit] ; enrage; provoke

27. Comparison • Donkey and Woman • Both are overloaded. • Both are willing creatures. • Both are small. • Both are ill-treated. • Both have an miserable end.

28. Comparison • Donkey and Woman • Visible • Invisible • Implication --- Women are worse treated.

29. Symbol • white bird/ scraps of paper --- symbolic of freedom

30. Five examples to illustrate the fact • 1. the burial/funeral of the poor people2. an employee of the municipality[mju:﹐nisi'pæliti] 3. poor living and working conditions of the Jews4. poor natural conditions5. miserable life of women

31. The cause of their poverty • 1. Colonialization "All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact" (para.1; 17) • 2. Racial discrimination "The people have brown faces -- besides there are so many of them" (para.3 ) "He is the same colour as the earth, …" (para.16)

32. The cause of their poverty • 3. Black people's ignorance He showed his profound respect to his enemy. " He ... has feelings of reverence before a white skin" "Only the Negroes didn't know it“ • 4. Poor natural conditions

33. Organizational pattern •  Sect.1 (para 1--2) Eg.1 • objective presentation of Example 1 the burial of the people in Marrakech • Sect.2 (para 3 ) the thesis ---- “All colonial empires are founded upon this fact” • the author's central idea Colonialization is based on the fact that people are very poor.

34. Organizational pattern • Sect.3 (para4--7) Eg.2 The Arabian government employee is as poor as a beggar. • Sect.4 (para8--15) Eg.3 1) the living conditions of the Jews 2) the hard work the Jews do 3) biased attitude against the Jews • The specific example of the people clamouring for a cigarette shows that the people are so poor, yet people still have rumours about them and have great prejudice against them.

35. Organizational pattern • Sect.5 (para16--18) Eg.4 • The country is very poor. The poverty was not noticed by the white people. Because of their black color, the white people didn't even see them. • 1> The soils are poor. " dried-up soil" " eroded soil" " desolate" "waste" " broken-up brick“ • 2> Everything is done by hand. "capital Ls“

36. Organizational pattern • 3> The farming tools are rough. "The plough is so frail, a rough iron spike which stirs the soil to a depth of about four inches.“ • 4> The farming animals are weak and the peasants calculate carefully. • 5> The natural conditions are poor. "dry" They had to dig deep ditches.

37. Organizational pattern • Sect.6 (para19--21) Eg.5 the miserable life of women • The writer is describing objectively the physical appearance of the old woman, yet his anger comes through. Notice his choice of words. ( poor; old; mummified; reduced to bones; leathery skin; bent double; crushing weight)

38. Organizational pattern • Sect.7 (para22--26) conclusiondescription of the black troops in general and one black soldier individually. • It won't be long for the white people to keep these black people in ignorance.

39. Language 1. simple words, simple statements to convey deeper meaning 2. the use of rhetorical questions which is very effective in conveying his anger 3. terse(精练的), lucid(明白易懂的) prose style. 4. good diction(措辞)