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Semester 2 Final Review Part 2

Semester 2 Final Review Part 2. Carbohydrates, Photosynthesis & Respiration and Ecology. Biomes & Biodiversity. Biomes. Earth is covered by many types of ecosystems. Ecologists group these ecosystems into larger areas known as biomes.

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Semester 2 Final Review Part 2

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  1. Semester 2 Final Review Part 2 Carbohydrates, Photosynthesis & Respiration and Ecology

  2. Biomes & Biodiversity

  3. Biomes Earth is covered by many types of ecosystems. Ecologists group these ecosystems into larger areas known as biomes. Biome:a large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities. Thus biomes are made up of smaller ecosystems.

  4. Biomes Biomes are described by their vegetation because the plants are the most noticeable characteristics of that region. Organisms that depend on those plants live where the plants are and so on.

  5. The term biodiversity, short for “biological diversity,” usually refers to the number of different species in a given area. Certain areas of the planet, such as tropical rain forests, contain an extraordinary variety of species, and thus have a high biodiversity. Other areas, like deserts have relatively little life, and thus low biodiversity.

  6. Ecology The study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and their physical environment.

  7. Levels of Organization in Biology Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere ECOLOGY

  8. Ecosystem • A community(many different species) that live together in a habitat • and the habitat

  9. Ecosystem • The physical boundaries are not always obvious (no location is ever totally isolated from other places) • Organisms can participate in two ecosystems at the same time. • Ex. Canada Geese have a breeding range that stretches from Alaska to northern Florida. • This range includes everything from tundra to temperate forests.

  10. Biotic vs Abiotic: • Biotic-All the LIVING components of an ecosystem • The community of organisms • Abiotic factors-All the non-living components of an ecosystem • Affect balance of food web • Determines who can live in a specific habitat • Examples: • Amount of rain • Temperature • Amount of nutrients in soil • Pollutants

  11. HABITAT: • the place where a particular population lives

  12. All the interacting organisms (many different species) living in an area. Community Interactions Predation : + / - Parasitism: +/ - Commensalism: + / 0 Mutualism: + / + COMMUNITY Mistletoe growing into a mangrove tree Bee pollinating flower Bat about to eat frog Whale with barnacles on skin

  13. POPULATION: • All the members of one species that live in one place at one time.

  14. The Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Food Chain: Describes feeding relationships and the path of energy through food consumption

  15. The Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem • All ENERGY flows into ecosystem from the SUN (except in thermal vents in the ocean). • Photosynthesis makes it possible to capture light energy from sun and transform it into chemical energy of organic molecules (food). • All organisms are chemical machines driven by energy captured in photosynthesis.

  16. How does a food chain work? • It is based on which organism is eaten by which other organism • The arrow always points to the animal doing the eating • In the direction of the flow of energy

  17. TROPHIC LEVELS • Determined by the organism’s source of energy • Autotrophs • Heterotrophs • Saprotrophs

  18. 1. AUTOTROPHS: • Capture energy from the sun (photosynthetic) or inorganic molecules = chemicals (chemosynthetic) and converts it into usable energy. • Also known as PRODUCERS • produces food (make energy storing molecules), • Ex. Plants, algae and some kinds of bacteria

  19. 2. HETEROTROPHS- • cannot capture energy from the sun and must eat autotrophs to get energy. • Herbivores: Plant eaters • Carnivores: Eat animals • Omnivores: Eat plants and animals • Scavengers: Eat dead organisms

  20. 2. HETERTROPHS- • CONSUMER • obtains the energy to build their molecules by consuming plants or other organisms

  21. PRIMARY (1st Order) CONSUMER (herbivores)- • eats producer • Ex. Cows, horses, caterpillars and ducks

  22. Secondary (2nd Order) CONSUMER (carnivores)- • eats herbivores • Carnivore • Ex. Wolf, ferret, and leopard

  23. SECONDARY (2nd ORDER) CONSUMER • eats 1st order • Carnivore • Ex. Tigers, wolves and snakes • Omnivore • Ex. Bears, humans

  24. TERTIARY (3rd ORDER) CONSUMER- • eats second order (other carnivores) • Ex. Hawk

  25. QUATERNARY (4th ORDER) CONSUMER • this is very rare… • Not enough energy at the level before to support these higher levels • Ex. Orca

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