2 nd Semester Final Review

1. 2nd Semester Final Review

2. Population Calculations • Doubling time 70 / annual rate of increase (%) • Population growth rate is the birthrate minus the death rate. • CBR = (n/p) x 1000 where n is the number of childbirths in that year, and p is the current population. • It can be represented by CDR = (n/p) x 1000 where n is the number of deaths in that year, and p is the current population • (CBR – CDR)/10 = NIR (Natural Increase Rate)

3. Pop. Calculation Practice • Doubling time 70 / annual rate of increase (%) • If the annual rate of increase is 1.5% was is the doubling time? • 47 years • CBR = (n/p) x 1000 where n is the number of childbirths in that year, and p is the current population. • What is the crude birth rate if a population is 250,000 and 1500 babies were born? • 6 (for every 1,000 people there are 6 births)

4. Population Calculation Practice • (CBR – CDR)/10 = NIR (Natural Increase Rate) • If there is a population of 50,000 and there are 450 births and 325 deaths, what is the NIR for that population? • .25%

5. Population Pyramids • What is happening to the birth rates and death rates in each country?

6. Evolution of Populations in Society

7. Population Growth Curves How many individuals can this environment hold? What are some limiting factors? Name both density dependent and density independent factors. Where is the death rate increasing? Where is the birth rate increasing?

8. Population Growth Curves

9. Reproductive Strategies • K strategists • Characteristics: • r strategists • Characteristics:

10. Survivorship Curve Which line represents r strategist? Which line represents K strategist? Which line represents neither?

11. Population Sampling The calculation used is called the Lincoln Index. P = N1 x N2 R What do the variables represent?

12. Air

13. Anatomy of the Atmosphere

14. Hadley Cells and Air Movement

16. Acid Rain • Harmful effects of acid rain include: • Property and structural damage • Leaches aluminum and calcium from the soil into the ground water, lakes and rivers • Tree crown dieback

17. Primary Air Pollutants • primary air pollutants. • Carbon monoxide (CO) • Volatile organic compounds (hydrocarbons) (VOCs) • Particulate matter • Oxides of sulfur (SOx) where x = 1, or 2 • Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) where x = 1 or 2

18. Secondary Air Pollutants • Secondary air pollutants form under reaction of primary pollutants and water or sunlight. • Ozone • Photochemical smog (VOCs and Nox) • Sulfuric Acid • Carbonic Acid • Nitric Acid

19. Global Warming and the Carbon Cycle

20. Light Absorption and Reflection

21. Greenhouse Effect

22. Let’s draw

23. The Greenhouse Gases

24. CO2 Concentrations

25. Pollution Management

26. vs.

29. What level of pollution management?

30. Water

31. Water Cycle

32. Water Distribution

33. Water is Scarce

34. Water Use Urban domestic water uses

35. BODs

37. Resources and Sustainability

38. What are the inputs and outputs of our Ecospheres?

39. The 3 Rs • Non Renewable • Renewable • Replenishable

40. Non-Renewable

41. Renewable

42. Replenishable

43. Natural Capital vs. Natural Income • Natural capital • Natural income from

44. Sustainability • SY = [total biomass/energy at time t + 1] – [total biomass/energy at time t] • SY = (annual growth and recruitment) – (annual death and emigration) • In its simplest form it is the natural increase in the stock per year. Therefore, it is also the quantity that can be harvested without diminishing the stock.

45. What is the sustainable yield for the following problem? • 1.8 kg m-2 yr-1

46. Waste Management

47. Solid Domestic Waste • What is solid domestic waste? • Solid waste (paper, glass, plastics, metals) • Disease causing agents (bacteria, viruses) • Oxygen demanding waste (BOD) • Water soluble inorganic chemicals (acids, salts, mercury, lead) • Inorganic plant nutrients (nitrates, phosphates) • Organic chemicals (oil, gasoline, cleaning products, pesticides) • Sediments (soil, silt) • Thermal pollution

49. Ways to Increase the Life of Landfills • Reduse • Reuse • Recycle • Composting