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Chapter 31

Chapter 31. Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The Rise of Indian Nationalism. Causes of Indian nationalism:. discontent with British rule India more unified than it had been before British rule leadership: Western-educated Indian elite

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Chapter 31

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  1. Chapter 31 Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

  2. The Rise of Indian Nationalism

  3. Causes of Indian nationalism: discontent with British rule India more unified than it had been before British rule leadership: Western-educated Indian elite common language new print culture nationalist orgs: 1885 – Indian National Congress: Later becomes the most influential organization dedicated to ending British rule. early 1900s – Swadeshi movement 1906 – Muslim League

  4. the Indian National Congress • 1885  The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay. • At first an organization of the Hindu elite • In 1920’s Gandhi makes it a mass movement • swaraj  “independence.” goal of movement

  5. Swadeshi Movement early 1900s Swadeshi = “one’s own country,” self-sufficiency boycott British goods Indians produce own goods Indian schools  nationalist education nationalism = mass movement

  6. Indian National Muslim League 1905 British partition Bengal based on religion 1906 Muslim league founded, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocate for Muslim political rights Muhammad Ali Jinnah – leader of Muslim League, founder of Pakistan, and first Governor-General of Pakistan

  7. Gandhi (1869-1948) leader of INC, 1920s-1930s nonviolence (satyagraha)

  8. Young Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1876 1869 - 1948

  9. Young Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1876 1869 - 1948

  10. Early life & training for his future role: 1869 – born in Gujarat 1888-1891 – studies law in Britain 1893-1899, 1902-1915 – fight racism as a civil rights lawyer in South Africa During his 25 years in South Africa, he develops his philosophy of “satyagraha” (truth force); passive or non-violent resistance to injustice.

  11. Gandhi as a Lawyer in Johannesburg, So. Africa

  12. Protest against British rule builds & Gandhi becomes its leader: Back home in India, Gahndi: Started the Non-Cooperation Movement Began the Civil Disobedience Movement Fought to inprove the status of Untouchables Helped secure approval of the Government of India Act, which proved to be unworkable due to India’s ethic divisions. 1915 – Satyagraha (harijan) Ashram 1919 – Amritsar Massacre (379 dead) 1922-1924 – imprisonment 1924 – 21-day fast: Hindu-Muslim unity 1930 – Salt March 1942- leads “Quit India” movement—imprisoned for two years 1947 Partition of India January 1948 – fasts to encourage Hindu-Muslim unity during sectarian rioting 1948 – assassinated by Hindu zealot

  13. Gandhi spinning cloth at the Satyagraha Ashram in Ahmedabad Indian weaving had been ruined by the competition of British machine-made textiles!

  14. Amritsar Massacre, 1919 379 dead; over 1200 wounded!

  15. Salt March, 1930 MakingSalt

  16. On the beach at Dandi, the end of the Salt March

  17. Issues in the Indian nationalist movement method – nonviolence vs. violence religion – Hinduism vs. Islam The Great Depression increased tensions, as Muslims believed they were economically controlled by the Hindu majority. women’s rights Q of westernization/modernization

  18. Independence and Partition August 14, 1947 – Pakistan (Muslim majority) August 15, 1947 – India (Hindu majority)

  19. India before (left) and after (right) 1947

  20. Post-Independence Violence Hindu vs. Muslim 1 million deaths 12 million relocated Gandhi fasts to support end of sectarian violence Gandhi’s assassinated on January 30, 1948 by a Hindu fanatic

  21. Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) 1st PM of India (1947-1964) goal: modernize India, via socialist economics & democratic politics

  22. The Republic of China • Revolution in 1911 forces Emperor Puyi to abdicate • Sun Yatsen (1866–1925) proclaims Republic of China in 1912 • Political anarchy follows • Independent warlords exercise local control

  23. Chinese Nationalism and Communism • May Fourth Movement • Students, urban intellectuals protest foreign interference • Especially Japanese interference • Marxism increases in popularity • Chinese Communist Party founded in Shanghai (1921) • Influenced by the Soviet Union. • Leader: Mao Zedong (1893–1976) • Former teacher and librarian

  24. Sun Yatsen (1866–1925) • Created Nationalist People’s Party (Guomindang) • Accepts support from Soviet Union • Members of the Chinese Communist Party also join Guomindang

  25. Civil War: Nationalists vs. Communists • Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek, 1887–1975) takes over after death of Sun Yatsen • Launches military expedition to unify China, turns against communist allies • Communists flee 6,215 miles to northwest China, 1934: the Long March • The Long March saved the Communists from destruction. • Maoism was the political ideology that held that the peasants (not the proletariat) were the foundation for a successful communist revolution in China.

  26. The Struggle for Control in China, 1927–1936

  27. Imperialist Japan • Japan signs treaties under League of Nations to limit imperialist activity, 1922–1928 • Political chaos in interwar Japan, assassinations • Militarist, imperialist circles advocate greater assertion of Japanese power in the region • China a soft target

  28. The Mukden Incident (1931) • Japanese troops in Manchuria, China, secretly blow up small parts of the Japanese-built South Manchuria Railroad as pretext for war • Over opposition of Japanese civilian government, military takes Manchuria, renames it Manchukuo, a puppet state • League of Nations censures Japan; Japan leaves the League of Nations

  29. Hanoi Hue Saigon

  30. 1857 – Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia become colonies of France (Indochina) Attempt to win freedom following WWI rebuffed 1930 – Ho Chi Minh founds the Vietnamese Communist Party Revolts in 1930 & 1931 fail but strengthen the party

  31. Ho Chi Minh 1890-1969 • Born 1890 • In 1911, jumped on board a ship to France. Travels in Europe and China. • During this time, he embraced Communism and joined the political groups rallying for human rights and equality in French Indochina. • In 1930, founds Communist Party of Vietnam

  32. 1940 – Vichy France allows Japanese passage through Indochina Ho Chi Minh takes command of anti-Japanese coalition supported by both the West and Communist Chinese 1945 – Japanese remove Vichy French from power in Indochina

  33. 1945 – Japanese surrender Ho Chi Minh seizes Hanoi and proclaims the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam China disarms Japanese in North, British in South

  34. British favor French rule and use Japanese forces and French colonials to reestablish French rule in southern Indochina Ho Chi Minh appeals to the United States to support Vietnamese Independence 1945- Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, modeled on the American and French Declarations Re-armed Japanese troops police Indochina

  35. French and Viet Minh make deal: Ho will allow French troops in North while French will recognize the DRV as an independent state but part of a French Indochinese federation Ho Chi Minh at negotiations

  36. 1946 – The French commissioner of Indochina proclaims the south as Cochin China, an independent state French forces attack the Viet Minh in the north Haiphong is bombed- resulting in 6,000 dead Vietnamese The Viet Minh, now openly communist, resist but are defeated Fighting in the streets

  37. Viet Minh turn to guerilla warfare French hold cities and coast / Viet Minh hold highlands An attempt by Giap at open warfare is disaster- guerilla warfare resumed Ho Chi Minh

  38. 1954 – Battle of Dien Bien Phu French seek to pull Viet Minh into open battle and destroy them Test of will between French and Viet Minh

  39. French defeated French dead 2,293, 5,134 wounded, 11,000 surrender Vietnamese dead 8,000, 15,000 wounded French soldiers march into captivity following defeat at Dien Bien Phu. Few made it home alive.

  40. Vietnam divided at 17th parallel Peace agreement calls for elections in North and South- none are held Almost one million Vietnamese flee to the South 6,000 North Vietnamese killed by Viet Minh in relocation and collectivization

  41. 1954 – France recognizes South Vietnam under rule of Bao Dai (emperor 1925-1945) Ngo Dinh Diem (Catholic), commander of military, overthrows Bao Dai

  42. Viet Minh in South become Viet Cong Government of South Vietnam corrupt, army poorly led, discriminates against Buddhist majority Kennedy, embarrassed by Bay of Pigs, takes hard line in Vietnam Sends military advisors Viet Cong in training

  43. Buddhist riot against Diem’s rule CIA orchestrates a coup against Diem – Diem and family are killed JFK assassinated three weeks later

  44. August 1964 – Tonkin Resolution allows dramatic increases in US forces Ho Chi Minh Trail Search and Destroy – body counts Development of military technology – use of helicopter American soldiers on Search and Destroy mission

  45. The US begins a military draft 1967 – President Thieu and VP Ky elected 1968 – Tet Offensive Country-wide assault by Viet Cong Attack on US embassy in Saigon Public opinion turns against the war Viet Cong suffers massive defeat Saigon Police Chief executes captured Viet cong guerilla

  46. 1968 – Nixon elected president on platform of ending war “with honor” 1969 – Formal truce negotiations begin in Paris Nixon begins withdrawal of US troops – bombs North US attacks supply lines in Cambodia President Nixon US MPs with sapper captured at US embassy

  47. 1970 – Massive peace demonstrations in US May – Four students killed at Kent State Vietnamization becomes US policy 1971 – Pentagon Papers released Troop withdrawals continue Dead student at Kent State University, Ohio

  48. 1972 – North Vietnamese army invades South Vietnam 1973 – Paris Peace Treaty signed March - Last US combat troops leave Vietnam North Vietnamese tanks enter Saigon’s presidential palace

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