Continued on next slide.

1. Continued on next slide.

2. Answers: 1. the reticular activation system  2. forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain  3. regulates posture, balance, breathing, and various reflexes  4. It regulates hunger and thirst. The forebrain also controls learning, abstract thinking, and emotions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

3. Reader’s Guide Main Idea • There are many parts in the human brain that work together to coordinate movement and stimulate thinking and emotions, resulting in behavior.  Objectives • Identify the structure and functions of the human brain.  • Discuss the different ways psychologists study the brain. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 160 of your textbook.

4. Reader’s Guide (cont.) Vocabulary • hindbrain  • midbrain  • forebrain  • lobes  • electroencephalograph (EEG)  • computerized axial tomography (CAT)  • positron emission topography (PET)  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Click the Speaker button to listen to Exploring Psychology. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 160 of your textbook.

5. Introduction • In the 24 centuries since Hippocrates' observations, many attempts have been made to explain the mass of soggy gray tissue known as the human brain.  • How could the brain create the theory of relativity, the Sistine Chapel ceiling, and the energy crisis?  • The mind, however, remains a mystery to itself. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

6. The Three Brains • The brain is composed of three parts: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.  • The hindbrain, located at the rear base of the skull, is involved in the most basic processes of life.  • The midbrain is a small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward. hindbrain a part of the brain located at the rear base of the skull that is involved in the basic processes of life midbrain a part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

7. The Three Brains (cont.) • The forebrain, covering the brain’s central core, includes the thalamus, which integrates sensory input.  • Just below the thalamus is the hypothalamus.  • It controls functions such as hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. forebrain a part of the brain that covers the brain’s central core Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

8. The Three Brains (cont.) • The “higher” thinking processes–those that make us unique–are housed in the forebrain.  • The outer layer of the forebrain consists of the cerebral cortex; the inner layer is the cerebrum.  • The limbic system, found in the core of the forebrain, is composed of a number of different structures in the brain that regulate our emotions and motivations. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

9. The Parts of the Brain

10. The Lobes of the Brain • The cerebrum is really two hemispheres, or two sides.  • The cerebral hemisphere is connected by a band of fibers called the corpus callosum.  • Each cerebral hemisphere has deep grooves that form regions, or lobes. lobes the different regions into which the cerebral cortex is divided Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

11. The Lobes of the Brain (cont.) • Some areas of the cortex receive information from the skin senses and from muscles.  • The amount of brain tissue connected to any given body part determines the sensitivity of that area, not its size.  • The part of the cortex that receives information is called the somatosensory cortex.  • The association areas mediate between the other areas and do most of the synthesizing of information. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

12. The Cerebral Cortex

13. The Lobes of the Brain (cont.)Left and Right Hemispheres • There is much concern that information about properties of the left and right hemispheres is misinterpreted.  • The left hemisphere controls the movements of the right side of the body; for most people, speech is located here.  • The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body; the right hemisphere is more adept at visual and spatial relations. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

14. Functions of the Brain’s Hemisperes

15. The Lobes of the Brain (cont.)Split-Brain Operations • In a normal brain, the two hemispheres communicate using the corpus callosum.  • Whatever occurs on one side is communicated to the other side.  • Many psychologists became interested in differences between the cerebral hemispheres when “split brain” operations were tried on epileptics like Harriet Lees.  • Not only did the operation reduce the severity of seizures, but it also resulted in fewer seizures (Kalat, 1992). Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

16. The Lobes of the Brain (cont.)Split-Brain Operations • Another experiment with split-brain patients involves studying tactile stimulation, or touch.  • To explore emotional reactions in split-brained individuals, researchers designed a test to incorporate emotional stimuli with objects in view.  • Research on split-brain patients has presented evidence that each hemisphere of the brain is unique with specialized functions and skills. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

17. How Psychologists Study the Brain • Mapping the brain’s fissures and inner recesses has supplied scientists with fascinating information about the role of the brain in behavior.  • Psychologists who do this kind of research are called physiological psychologists, or psychobiologists.  • Among the methods they use to explore the brain are recording, stimulating, lesioning, and imaging. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

18. Recording • Electrodes are wires that can be inserted into the brain to record electrical activity in the brain.  • The electrical activity of whole areas of the brain can be recorded with an electroencephalograph(EEG). electroencephalograph (EEG) a machine used to record the electrical activity of large portions of the brain Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

19. Stimulation • Electrodes may be used to set off the firing of neurons as well as to record it.  • Brain surgeon Wilder Penfield stimulated the brains of his patients during surgery to determine what functions the various parts of the brain perform.  • Stimulation techniques have aroused great medical interest.  • Furthermore, some psychiatrists have experimented with methods to control violent emotional behavior in otherwise uncontrollable patients. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

20. Lesions • Scientists sometimes create lesions by cutting or destroying part of an animal’s brain.  • If the animal behaves differently after the operation, they assume that the destroyed brain area is involved with that type of behavior.  • The relations revealed by this type of research are far more subtle and complex than people first believed. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

21. Accidents • Psychologists can learn from the tragedies when some people suffer accidents.  • These accidents may involve the brain.  • Psychologists try to draw a connection between the damaged parts of the brain and a person’s behavior. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

22. Phineas Gage’s Skull

23. Images • Dr. Paul Broca uncovered the connection between brain and speech.  • Researchers proved Dr. Broca’s theory using PET scans.  • Today psychologists and medical researchers are using this and other sophisticated techniques, including CAT scans and MRI scans. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

24. Images (cont.) • In the 1970s, computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans were used to pinpoint injuries and other problems in brain deterioration.  • The positron emission topography (PET) scan can capture a picture of the brain as different parts are being used. compurterized axial tomography (CAT) an imaging technique used to study the brain to pinpoint injuries and brain deterioration positron emission topography (PET) an imaging technique used to see which brain areas are being activated while performing tasks Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

25. Images • Another device, magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, enables researchers to study both activity and brain structures.  • Researchers use a new technique of imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to observe directly both the functions of different structures of the brain and which structures participate in specific functions. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) an imaging technique used to study brain structure and activity Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

26. Brain Activity on a PET Scan

27. Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

28. One Person… Two Brains? Read the case study presented on page 169 of your textbook. Be prepared to answer the questions that appear on the following slides. A discussion prompt and additional information follow the questions. Continued on next slide. This feature is found on page 169 of your textbook.

29. 2 One Person… Two Brains? Why did Victoria choose to have a split-brain operation? What did the operation involve? She wanted to relieve the seizures and be able to live a more normal life. The operation involved opening her skull and separating the hemispheres of her brain by cutting the corpus callosum. Victoria and her doctors realized that by cutting the major pathway between the two hemispheres, each hemisphere would function almost completely independently after the operation. Continued on next slide. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 169 of your textbook.

30. Case Studies 3 One Person… Two Brains? What questions did researchers set out to answer after Victoria’s operation? What functions can each hemisphere perform? What communication capability does each hemisphere have? Continued on next slide. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 169 of your textbook.

31. Case Studies 4 One Person… Two Brains? Critical Thinking   What problems do you think Victoria might encounter in everyday life? Answers will vary. Examples should focus on the problem of each hemisphere having its own separate set of memories that are inaccessible to the recall processes of the other. Examples could include conflicts in communication such as deciding to select something to eat and trying to pick up that item with one hand or holding a conversation using only one hemisphere of the brain. Continued on next slide. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 169 of your textbook.

32. Case Studies 5 One Person… Two Brains? Discuss the following: How does split-brain surgery benefit both the patient and humans in general? Should split-brain surgery ever be performed on a person with no brain disorders? Continued on next slide. This feature is found on page 169 of your textbook.

33. Case Studies 6 One Person… Two Brains? Split-brain patients have provided psychologists with an excellent opportunity to explore how the brain’s hemispheres operate. Each instance adds a little more to our knowledge of the brain. Continued on next slide. This feature is found on page 169 of your textbook.

34. Case Studies 7 One Person… Two Brains? • In one experiment, a split-brain patient was blindfolded and given a familiar object, such as a toothbrush.  • When asked to name the item, the patient could not give it a name.  • When asked what the item was used for, the patient immediately began to brush his teeth.  • Researchers concluded that the patient knew what the item was, but his right brain had no language capability and therefore could not name it. Continued on next slide. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. This feature is found on page 169 of your textbook.

35. Case Studies 8 One Person… Two Brains? • When the patient was told to transfer the item to his right hand, he was immediately able to identify the item as a toothbrush.

36. FYI 2.1 Recent studies have shown that men convicted of violent crimes are more likely to have abnormalities of their frontal lobe and their right hemisphere.

37. Cultural Connections 2.1 Archaeology has found fossil evidence that most primitive tools were designed for right-handers. Research has shown that over time and across cultures, 9 out of 10 people are right- handed. No similar preference for handedness is found in monkeys or chimpanzees.

38. Psychology Update 2.1 Computer Models The increasing power of the computer allows psychologists and other researchers to create neural network models, which are computer programs that seek to represent what a neuron does. The computer program is actually a series of computations that assumes that each neuron receives inputs from many others. By adding the inputs, any sum that exceeds a predetermined threshold results in an output. Researchers are beginning to use these models to explore such topics as attention, memory, and perception.

39. Looking at the Issues 2.1 Dyslexia • Dyslexia is a common reading disorder that is strongly linked to differences in brain function.  • For years, poor readers were labeled as lazy or slow.  • Today we recognize that dyslexics’ brains function differently.  • Several recent studies indicate that dyslexics use more of their brain area to complete simple language tasks.  • Imaging techniques like PET scans and MRIs assist researchers in explaining how dyslexics’ brains function.  • Researchers are also exploring a genetic link that may indicate that dyslexia is largely an inherited trait. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

40. Profiles in Psychology 2.1 Roger Wolcott Sperry1913–1994 Click the picture to listen to a biography on Roger Wolcott Sperry. Be prepared to answer questions that appear on the next two slides. This feature is found on page 164 of your textbook.

41. Profiles in Psychology 2.2 Roger Wolcott Sperry1913–1994 What did Sperry’s experiments demonstrate? how nerve cells connect to the central nervous system and how each hemisphere of the brain functions Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 164 of your textbook.

42. Profiles in Psychology 2.3 Roger Wolcott Sperry1913–1994 What are the behavioral implications for “split-brain” research? The research begins to help us understand the parts of the brain responsible for various human behaviors. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. This feature is found on page 164 of your textbook.