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Evaluation of lane departure warnings for drowsy drivers

Evaluation of lane departure warnings for drowsy drivers. Ksenia Kozak, Jochen Pohl, Wolfgang Birk, Jeff Greenberg, Bruce Artz, Mike Blommer, Larry Cathey, Reates Curry Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI 報告者：楊子群. INTRODUCTION. Reduce to crashes of traffic.

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Evaluation of lane departure warnings for drowsy drivers

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  1. Evaluation of lane departure warnings for drowsy drivers Ksenia Kozak, Jochen Pohl, Wolfgang Birk, Jeff Greenberg, Bruce Artz, Mike Blommer, Larry Cathey, Reates Curry Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI 報告者：楊子群

  2. INTRODUCTION • Reduce to crashes of traffic. • Many roadway departure crashes take place in light traffic situations and good weather conditions. • Drowsiness is frequently reported driving conditions: • Night-time driving • In monotonous • 51% of drivers reporting that they driving have feeling drowsy in the past year. (Horne & Reyner, 1995) • About 100,000 crashes annually in which police cited driver drowsiness, resulting in about 1,500 fatalities. (NHTSA data, Royal, 2002)

  3. 目的 • LDW is to warn drivers if they areunintentionally drifting out of their lanes. • Designed to warning effectiveness and customeracceptance when the unintended lane departures(drowsy driving).

  4. -方法

  5. 設備 Ford’s VIRtual Test Track Experiment(VIRTTEX) =>液態驅動能源，6軸自由移動的基本駕駛模擬 車體是採2000 Volvo S80

  6. 環境 • 駕駛的地點為模擬部分晚上時候的洲際公路。 • 駕駛被要求駕駛於右線車道，其中車道寬為12英呎。 • 每個方向的道路是由兩條道路所構成。很快地，出現在左邊道路交通超車，其中對向交通不互相影響。交通密度是非常清楚的。

  7. 受測者 • 30位 • 條件： • 都有駕照 • 晚上六點後不能吃咖啡因的食物 • 穩定的睡眠週期 • 實驗前一晚不能睡覺(23個小時) -- 用wrist-actimeter來監視睡覺總數，並收集很多個晚上的肢體動作。

  8. Drowsiness Measures Physiological measure of eye closure(PERCLOS) =>測量睡意(漸漸闔上眼睛=>被定義為在1分鐘內，闔眼時間的比例為80-100%) =>PERCLOS value of 8% was used to define a drowsy driver(Grace and Steward, 2003).

  9. Drowsiness Measures Psychomotor Vigilance Task(PVT) 醫療精神警戒工作

  10. Drowsiness Measures Karolinska SleepinessScale (KSS)-卡羅林斯卡嗜睡量表 ISCAN Eye Tracker-眼動追蹤儀

  11. Lane Departure Warnings • Control【1】 • 目前現有=>Steering Wheel Torque HMI【2】 +Rumble Strip Sound(隆隆聲)【3】 • Vehicle driving overgapped rumble strips at 65 mph. +Steering Wheel Vibration(震動)【4】 • 15 Hz vibration with 2 Nm peak amplitude and duration of 1.5 s. +Head Up Display HMIs【5】

  12. 實驗設計 Small yaw experiment Reaction time to warning Magnitude of lane departure Time spent outside the lane

  13. 實驗設計 Small yaw

  14. 資料收集 Reaction time to warning Lane excursions

  15. 資料收集 Integrated lane excursion RMS lane excursion Maximum lane excursion The time spent outside the lane 超出界線 回到界線內 Reaction time to warning Lane excursions

  16. 實驗程序 • Watched a safety video. • Signed a consent form. • Initial training with a computer. • Four LDW HMIs for training at 5 min. • Estimatedof sleepiness level. • Estimated of three sustained reaction time tasks(15, 75, 135min). • Experiment start. • Asked their perception : • Helpfulness • Intuitiveness • Acceptability • Whether they would like this system in their vehicle.

  17. 結果 All participants was drowsy of measured by a PERCLOS value greater than or equal to 8%. • Reaction Time to Warning • Significantly reduced the RT almost in half from a mean of 1.17 to 0.62 s (ANOVA, p<0.05). Post-hoc t-tests A A A (p = 0.06) B (p < 0.05) A

  18. 結果 • Lane Excursions • Integrated lane excursion was significantly smaller (p < 0.05) when a LDW was present. • No warning =>4.44 ft-s • LDW was present =>2.44 ft-s Post-hoc t-tests: Steering Wheel Vibration HMI was significantly different from no warning (p<0.05). • Other: • Maximum lane excursion • RMS of the lane excursion • Total time outside of the => Not significantly.

  19. 結果 • Subjective Assessment Vibration and the Rumble Strip HMIs higher average(p<0.05): • helpfulness • acceptability scores • Drivers noticed only 32% of all Torque warnings. (All other HMIs were noticed at least 98%(p < 0.05))

  20. 討論 Steering Wheel Vibrationby theSteering Wheel Torque, was found to be the most effectiveHMI for LDW in drowsy drivers. • Faster reaction time • Decrease in the magnitude of thelane excursion. • More high acceptable to the drowsy drivers. • perceived as helpful. Rumble Strip Sound HMI advantages(優點) were also apparent. • Decreasing the reaction time. • Roadway departure crashes by 30-50% (Jeftic et al., 2003).

  21. 貢獻 • PERCLOS能量測出drowsiness程度。 • 能有效控制道路偏移的數量(但有受測者建議能自行操控偏移)。 • 了解使用何種介面能讓駕駛者確實及正確反應。 結語 時間的原因或許不能將所有介面有效呈現出其效果，或許將時間拉長會有不同的感受。

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