The First World War: Causes, Alliances, and Spark

1. REVIEW

2. THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918

3. The First World War Domestic life is greatly affected as the U.S. helps the Allies achieve victory in World War I. The Treaty of Versailles punishes Germany, but is never ratified by the U.S. Senate. NEXT

4. Section 1 World War I Begins As World War I intensifies, the United States is forced to abandon its neutrality. NEXT

5. I. Other Names A. The GreatWar B. The War to End All Wars C. First World War 1. It was the firstmodern war fought using modern weaponry.

6. II.CAUSES OF THE WAR A. Historians have traditionally cited four long-term causes of the First World War 1. NATIONALISM – a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation (Pride in one’s country) 2. IMPERIALISM– Economic and political control over weaker nations 3. MILITARISM – The growth of nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending 4. ALLIANCE SYSTEM – Defensive agreements among nations.

7. B. NATIONALISM Nationalism—devotion to interests, culture of one’s nation 1. Nationalism leads to competition, antagonism between nations 2. Many fear Germany’s growing power in Europe 3. Various ethnic groups resent domination, want independence 4. Russia sees self as protector of all Slavic peoples Germany was allied with Austria-Hungary while Russia, France and Britain were partners

8. 5. Slavic Nationalism A movement called Pan-Slavism– all ethnic slavs should have a nation to themselves, spread across the Balkans. Many slavs were in Serbia, many were in Austria-Hungary. Russia supported the slavs.

9. C. IMPERIALISM 1. For many centuries, European nations builtempires(Imperialism) 2. Germany industrializes, competes with France, Britain for colonies Major European countries competed for land in Africa and Asia

11. D. MILITARISM Cost of building, defending empires leads to more military spending 1. Militarism—development of armed forces, their use in diplomacy 2. By 1890, Germany has strongest army on European continent a) competes with Britain for sea power 3. France, Italy, Japan and the United States quickly joined in the naval buildup

12. Battleships were being stockpiled by European nations, Japan and America in the late 19th and early 20th century

13. Defensive agreements among nations. 1. By 1907 there were two major defense alliances in Europe 2. The TripleEntente, or Allies, = France, Britain, and Russia 3. The TripleAlliance, or CentralPowers, = Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (joined by the Ottoman Empire) 4. Alliances give security; nations unwilling to tip balance of power E. ALLIANCE SYSTEM TRIPLE ENTENTE FRANCE BRITAIN RUSSIA

14. Triple Entente Great Britain France Russia

16. Europe in 1914

17. Triple Alliance(Central Powers) Germany Austria-Hungary Italy

21. III. THE SPARK: AN ASSASSINATION LEADS TO WAR Alliances Complicate Conflict A. Balkan Peninsula known as “the powder keg of Europe” because: 1. ethnic rivalries among Balkan peoples 2. leading powers have economic, political interests 3.Russia wanted access to Mediterranean Sea 4. Germany wanted a rail link to Ottoman Empire 5. Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia in 1878, accused Serbia of subverting its rule B. June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, shot by Serbian nationalist C. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, expects short war D. Alliance system pulls one nation after another into war The Archduke is assassinated in Sarajevo in June 1914

23. Ultimatum • A set of final conditions that must be accepted • Austria-Hungary was outraged and held Serbia responsible • Sent Serbia an ultimatum • Germany promised to support Austria-Hungary • Russia promised to support Serbia • Serbia did not agree to Austria-Hungary’s demands

26. Short-Term Cause Spark that started the First World War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary.

27. Archduke Franz Ferdinand

28. Assassination of Franz FerdinandJune 28, 1914 The Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in the Serbian city of Sarajevo.

29. E. Black Hand • Secret group of Serbian men who plotted to kill Ferdinand.

30. Franz Ferdinand and Sophie just before the assassination

31. Funeral of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie

32. F. Mobilization 1. Gathering and transporting of troops. 2. Austria-Hungary and Serbia began to mobilize 3. Alliance system took effect 4. War began in August 1914

33. http://www.history.com/videos/causes-of-world-war-i#causes-of-world-war-ihttp://www.history.com/videos/causes-of-world-war-i#causes-of-world-war-i

34. Early Battles A. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan: hold Russia, defeat France, then Russia 1. The plan was designed to prevent a two-front war for Germany B. August 1914, German troops sweep through Belgium, cause major refugee crisis C. By spring 1915, 2 parallel systems of trenches cross France ( war a stalemate) 1. “No man’s land”—barren expanse of mud between opposing trenches 2. Scale of killing horrific, fighting inconclusive IV. THE FIGHTING BEGINS The Schliefflen Plan

35. Timeline of the Outbreak of War 1. Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo , Serbia(June 28, 1914). 2. Germany promises its full support to Austria-Hungary (July 5, 1914). 3. Austria Hungary sends an ultimatum to Serbia with demands (July 23, 1914). 4. Serbia accepts all but one demand, Russia promises support to Serbia (July 25, 1914). 5. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (July 28, 1914). 6. Russia mobilizes its army (July 30, 1914). 7. Germany issues an ultimatum to Russia and France not to mobilize (July 31, 1914). 8. Germany declared war on Russia (August 1, 1914). 9. Germany declared war on France, invades neutral Belgium (August 3, 1914). 10.Great Britain declares war on Germany (August 4, 1914).

37. THE WAR BECOMES A STALEMATE F. Unable to save Belgium, the Allies retreated to MarneRiver in France where they halted the German advance in September 1914 G. Both sides dug in for a long siege (Attrition warfare) • By the spring of 1915, two parallel systems of deep trenches crossed France from Belgium to Switzerland • Between enemy trenches was “no man’s land” – an area pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire-Scale of killing horrific, fighting inconclusive H. Armies fight to gain only yards of ground in bloody trench warfare British soldiers standing in mud

38. 1. Trench Warfare Advanced weapons caused so many casualties that soldiers were forced to dig networks of ditches for protection.

39. German Soldiers The conditions in these trenches were horrific; aside from the fear of bombardment, soldiers also had to contend with the mud, flooding and disease associated with living in such a harsh environment.

40. I. The FirstBattleof theSomme - which began July 1, 1916 lasted until mid-November – the British suffered 60,000 casualties the first day 1. Final casualties for the First Battle of the Somme totaled 1.2 million • yet only 7 miles of ground was gained • This bloody trench warfare, in which armies fought for mere yards of ground, lasted for three years FIRST BATTLE OF THE SOMME Gas attacks were common features of trench life and often caused blindness and lung disease

41. Trenches

42. Trenches

43. Water-filled trench

44. Warning!!!!!

45. Trench Foot victim

46. Trench Foot Victim

47. Burn victim

48. Amputations

49. “No Man’s Land” Space in between the opposing lines of trenches.

50. No Man’s Land