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Epidemiology What is a communicable disease portal of exit (through which infectious agent leaves host) portal of ent

Epidemiology What is a communicable disease portal of exit (through which infectious agent leaves host) portal of entry spread by direct contact or through contami- nation. Non-communicable disease individual’s normal flora environmental reservoir What is a reservoir?

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Epidemiology What is a communicable disease portal of exit (through which infectious agent leaves host) portal of ent

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  1. Epidemiology What is a communicable disease portal of exit (through which infectious agent leaves host) portal of entry spread by direct contact or through contami- nation

  2. Non-communicable disease individual’s normal flora environmental reservoir What is a reservoir? often infected people carriers are asymptomatic zoonoses- animal diseases can be transmitted to humans Smallpox was eradicated; rabies cannot be

  3. How are diseases characterized? Rate of spread of disease morbidity rate- high if disease spreads rapidly mortality rate- death rate endemic diseases are always present epidemics

  4. How is disease transmitted? Horizontal or vertical Direct contact Fomites (indirect) Droplets Food/water Air Vectors Who is susceptible? natural immunity; general health; age; gender, etc.

  5. Methods for studying epidemiology Descriptive- who, what, when, where Analytical- risk factors Experimental- how to control disease Several agencies exist to monitor disease (CDC, public health department, WHO)

  6. p. 496

  7. How can diseases be eradicated? vaccination; sanitation, etc. Emerging diseases- why does that happen? new versions of microbes breakdown of public health structure changes in human behavior/activity travel commerce technology etc.

  8. Nosocomial infections- acquired in hospitals p. 500

  9. What are the reservoirs? Other patients Health care workers The hospital environment Patient’s own normal flora invasive procedures immune compromise

  10. How are they spread? How can they be prevented? Universal precautions Standard precautions (p. 502) handwashing gloves personal protection (masks, etc.) environmental control sharps patient placement

  11. Summary • How disease spreads- mechanism and rate • Where do infectious agents come from? • How are they transmitted? • Who is susceptible? • How can it be controlled?

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