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CHAPTER 11

CHAPTER 11. THE ISLAMIC GUNPOWDER EMPIRES, 1300 - 1650. Themes of World History. One of the recurring themes in history is the cyclical nature of nations and empires. Civilizations are born. They reach their zenith under extraordinary leaders.

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CHAPTER 11

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  1. CHAPTER 11 • THE ISLAMIC GUNPOWDER EMPIRES, 1300 - 1650

  2. Themes of World History • One of the recurring themes in history is the cyclical nature of nations and empires. • Civilizations are born. • They reach their zenith under extraordinary leaders. • Over time they lose their vitality and strength.

  3. New Born out of Old • The remarkable feature in this cycle is that new civilizations emerge out of the decadence of the old. • They are regenerated by new leaders. • Also regenerated by outside cultural influences. • Often result in cultural synthesis.

  4. Islamic Gunpowder Empires • Such were the circumstances under which three empires emerged • Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. • 1300 - 1650

  5. Consolidated Realms • After the Mongol and Timurid conquests in Southwest Asia and Anatolia. • New Muslim Turcic dynasties began consolidating and extending their realms. • They used military might enhanced by gunpowder weaponry.

  6. Monumental Task • Conquering an empire is not synonymous with establishing imperial authority. • The rulers of the new empires faced a monumental task in establishing an effective governing structure for their domains.

  7. Toleration Necessary • The most outstanding emperors realized that the vitality of their empires required a considerable degree of toleration for their non-Muslim subjects. • They built upon the foundations of pre-existing cultural institutions and ethnically diverse populations.

  8. Comparison with Europe • Such toleration was an ideal that stood in sharp contrast to the policies adopted by contemporary counterparts in Christian Europe.

  9. Asia Ascendant • In the sixteenth century, the Asian empires were clearly ascendant. • They controlled the East-West trade routes. • They could draw on the ample resources and manpower existing within their realms.

  10. Arts Flourish • Emperors also encouraged artistic endeavors which endure both as an expression of cultural synthesis and as evidence of imperial greatness.

  11. Decline • In the latter-half of the seventeenth century, the Islamic “gunpowder empires” began to decline.

  12. Christian Europe Advances • A primary factor in their decline was Christian Europe’s economic and technological advances during the seventeenth century.

  13. Other Factors • the degeneration in the character of ruling dynasties • the increasing inefficiency and ineffectiveness of governing institutions over time • deviation from policies that drew on the strengths of multiculturalism and ethnic diversity as pillars of the imperial system.

  14. YOU SHOULD UNDERSTAND • The regional political, economic, and cultural circumstances that contributed to the rise of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughul empires. • The important rulers of each empire and their achievements.

  15. YOU SHOULD UNDERSTAND • The role religion played in advancing the authority of rulers. • The rivalry between the Muslim empires, and their relationships with outside powers.

  16. YOU SHOULD UNDERSTAND • The distinctive social, cultural, and political characteristics of each empire, as well as their shared characteristics.

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