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Daily Question #19

Daily Question #19. Your parents “came together”  to create you. List 5 specific “traits” that people say have and specifically who (parent/ grandparent) they say it comes from. Define Genetics (in your own words).

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Daily Question #19

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  1. Daily Question #19 • Your parents “came together”  to create you. List 5 specific “traits” that people say have and specifically who (parent/ grandparent) they say it comes from. • Define Genetics (in your own words). • What are the “gametes” (sex cells) that came together to form the fertilized egg that become you? • What is a fertilized egg called? • Think of genetics, write down at least 5 words that you think have anything to do with genetics… • Look back in your notebook, find either the 5 characteristics of life, or the 3 parts of the cell theory. (or if you can remember them off the top of your head) 

  2. Genetics Standard 2Mutation and sexual reproduction lead to genetic variation in a population. As a basis for understanding this concept:E. Students know why approximately half of an individuals DNA sequence comes from each parent.F. Students know the role of chromosomes in determining an individual’s sex. (NEW open entry) Left hand side on the very top, label it “46=23” CHROMOSOMES

  3. Open your notebook to the page where you wrote 46=23 • DO NOT COPY YOUR HOMEWORK. If I see anyone copying or “sharing” work, you and they will receive a zero on the assignment. Do it on your own. It is NOT a group assignment. • If you are not done with the worksheet, finish it now and turn it in. If you are done…. • Use the whole page (so draw big!) to draw the chromosomes found in your body. Try to be accurate with the colors.

  4. DNA pairs – please draw and color on left side of notebook. This is not a DQ.Try to be accurate with coloring

  5. Daily Question #20 • DNA coils in the nucleus to form _______. • The shape of a DNA molecule is a ______ ________. • 1 set of chromosomes is called a ________. • How many pairs of chromosomes do you have in your body? • What are the two different sex chromosomes? • Nucleotides make up DNA. A typical human chromosome contains _____ billion nucleotides. • How much DNA information do you get from each parent? • A certain genetic condition occurs when a human has 47 chromosomes instead of 46. It causes problems in the way the body and brain develop and is the most common birth defect. It is also known as trisomy 21. What is this condition called?

  6. Daily Question #20 Common physical signs include: • Decreased muscle tone at birth • Excess skin at the nape of the neck • Flattened nose • Separated joints between the bones of the skull (sutures) • Single crease in the palm of the hand • Small ears • Small mouth • Upward slanting eyes • Wide, short hands with short fingers • White spots on the colored part of the eye (Brushfield spots)

  7. Daily Question #21 • What is a gamete? • What is haploid? • What is a diploid? • If a trait from your father is “stronger” than the same trait from your mother, what is the genetic term to describe that? • What is on the inside of the chromosomes? • Where are the chromosomes located? • There are 3,000,000,000 nucleotides in your DNA strand, write that number in scientific notation. REMEMBER YOUR STEPS! 8. What is a 3D printer? How could it benefit biotechnology?

  8. Chromosomes • Why do cells need to reproduce? • You produce roughly 2 trillion cells per day. 2,000,000,000,000! • Cells, like all things have a LIFE CYCLE. • As you grow your body NEEDS more “stuff” • To get bigger, more complex, provide nutrients. • Reproduction (mitosis) is needed for • CELL GROWTH • INJURY • REPLACEMENT (DEATH) of other cells.

  9. Chromosomes • Why is understanding cell reproduction important to know? • Biotechnology is an amazing field. • Here are some things happening right now… • Cellgun • Printing body parts • Because we know cells can replicate themselves so quickly and efficiently we can also learn more about our potential. • Write down 5 WORDS you did not know the meaning… • Write down 5 CONCEPTS/IDEAS, you thought were interesting. • We know that life is amazing. Among all the TRILLIONS of things that could go wrong, we still end up with beautiful people despite imperfections. Trisomy 13 and 18 are often fatal. Trisomy 21 is the most common birth defect. Here is 1 story of trisomy 13 (warning)

  10. Mitosis with Allium (onion root tip) • Cut out the 5 boxes (A,B,C,D,E). Grab one of the papers on the little desk next to my desk. • When I give you the command you will go around the room, find a matching letter and draw the ONE cell that the pointer is on. DO NOT CHANGE ANYTHING ON THE MICROSCOPE! (except perhaps the eyepiece) • Draw the cell ACCURATELY in your box, then move on. When you have them completed, return to your seat. • QUIZ TOMORROW ON MITOSIS PHASES!

  11. Chromosomes • Describe the structure and function of chromosomes… • Chromosomes are like Google…TONS of information stored in one convenient place. Google has ONE site to search for everything. • There are 46 chromosomes (in pairs) in almost every cell in your body. • Each “pair” is almost identical, containing the same genes in the same order. • Connected in the middle at the “centromere”

  12. SEX chromosome XX=female XY = Male

  13. Chromosomes • Chromosomes are like Google…TONS of information stored in one convenient place. Google has ONE site to search for everything. • There are 46 chromosomes (in pairs) in almost every cell in your body. • Each “pair” is almost identical, containing the same genes in the same order. • Down syndrome (called trisomy 21) is where you have an extra chromosome in the 21st “pair. • Trisomy 18 • trisomy 13 • Homework Left hand side chapter 10.2 mitosis. Words (include page numbers, do NOT use the glossary!)– cell cycle, interphase, cytokinesis, spindle, centrosome. • Questions 1, 2, 3, 4 (include page numbers! • Describe the structure and function of chromosomes…

  14. Down Syndrome has 3 main characteristics • Physical, medical, and cognitive (developmental). · A flattened appearance to the face · A high, broad forehead · A smaller head, proportionately · An upward slant to the eyes · A narrow slit to the eyes · Pronounced bags or folds under the eyes · A small, depressed nose · Small ears · Ears set quite low to the face · A small mouth · A large or protruding tongue · A short neck · Short arms and legs · Short fingers and toes · Large space between the first and second toe · A single, deep crease in the center of the palm · Poor muscle tone (hypotonia) · Loose joints (hyperflexability) · Weak reflexes

  15. Chromosomes 6.1 Just stop and think for a second…every single thing about you was wrapped up and stored in side 1 tiny little sperm and 1 tiny little egg that became you: hair color, eye color, height, skin color, nose shape, ear shape face shape….EVERYTHING. • Describe the structure and function of chromosomes… • Chromosomes are like Google…TONS of information stored in one convenient place. Google has ONE site to search for everything. • There are 46 chromosomes (in pairs) in almost every cell in your body. • Each “pair” is almost identical, containing the same genes in the same order. • These pairs are called diploid (di means 2) because they contain both chromosomes in the pair. • A haploid cell contains only 1 CHROMATID of the chromosomes in order to be ½ of the genes of an offspring. • A gamete is a haploid cell that contains the genetic info you got from your parents. Sperm (haploid) + egg (haploid) = diploid..you!

  16. Chromosomes • Describe the structure and function of chromosomes… • Chromosomes are located in a cells nucleus. • Each chromosome contains one long thread of DNA (if spread out would be about 5cm long) that is wound around proteins (hairdryer!) • DNA has 2 strands wound together that contains all the info necessary for that cell. • Each DNA strand has its own order of nucleotides bonded together. Its like having a combination lock…hundreds of combinations. • But DNA has 3,000,000,000 nucleotides so that would be 4x10 3,000,000,000 combinations. • Its like having a lock with 3,000,000,000 numbers on it.

  17. Turn in your worksheet from yesterday on the table next to the desk (on the left, near the sink). Have your homework ready for me to check. • You will have your mitosis quiz after daily questions.

  18. Daily Question #22 • ** Which of the following BEST describes meiosis? • It is carried out in all tissues that require cell replacement • It occurs only in cells in the reproductive structures of the organism • It happens in all tissues except the brain and spinal cord • It is the first stage of mitosis. • Which element from the periodic table is essential for building amino acids/proteins? • What is the difference between a scientific theory and a hypothesis? • During which phase of mitosis does the cell split into 2 identical cells. • Which “phase” does a cell spend most of its lifetime in? • In order starting, with mitosis, what is the lifecycle of a cell?

  19. Mitosis 6.2 • Describe the process of mitosis • In order to survive and reproduce cells must divide. • When cells get to be a certain size it either stops growing or divides. • Eukaryotic cells divide to form 2 nuclei to make 2 identical copies. • This process is called MITOSIS. (MI-TWO-SIS)

  20. Mitosis Animation • (interphase) • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • cytokinesis

  21. Mitosis • Describe the 5 stages of mitosis • Cells spend most of their lives in “interphase”. Interphase is the time between each cell division. • “inter” comes from latin meaning “between” so interphase really means the “between” phase. Interphase can be minutes, days, or years for some cells. Nerve cells and some muscle cells never complete a cycle. • Right before mitosis the DNA copies itself so that each cell will be identical. • “INTERPHASE” is sometimes considered the first stage of mitosis…

  22. Mitosis • PROPHASE • Prophase is the first phase of mitosis. • Chromosomes coil, the nuclear env. Breaks apart, and protein spindle fibers (called microtubules) from the centrosomes assemble across the cell directing the chromosomes where to go.

  23. Mitosis • METAPHASE • Metaphase is the second stage of Mitosis. • (some call it the third stage only when they count “interphase” as the 1st phase) • Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell and attach themselves to the microtubules.

  24. Mitosis • ANAPHASE • Anaphase is the 3rd stage of mitosis. • Each chromosome separates in half (into chromatids) and they are “reeled” in like a fish on a fishing pole towards the opposite sides of the cell. • Microtubules begin to break down.

  25. Mitosis • TELOPHASE • Telophase is the 4th stage of Mitosis. • In Telophase each cell now has a complete set of chromosomes, the nuclear envelope forms around them and they uncoil so proteins can be built. • Microtubules dissapear

  26. Mitosis • CYTOKINESIS • Cytokinesis is the final stage of Mitosis. • Cytokinesis is where the cytoplasm of the cell is pinched creating 2 identical cells. • These 2 new cells are then free to divide again on their own etc…

  27. Cell Cycle • Describe the cell cycle. • Each cell goes through its own cycle. • Most of a cells life is spent in the 3 subphases of interphase. • The M phase (mitosis phase), G1 (gap 1, growth) is the first phase of interphase, S phase (2nd phase of interphase) is where DNA is synthesized (replicated), G2 (gap 2, growth and preparation for mitosis). CO- Students will learn the distinct parts of interphase. LO- Students will produce a graphic organizer of interphase.

  28. CO- Students will learn the distinct parts of interphase. LO- Students will produce a graphic organizer of interphase.

  29. No cell lives forever. • Cell cycle vs Cancer. • Cell cycles can be triggered by genes or other proteins. • Faulty cells (cancer cells) never stop replicating, spread throughout the body, shutting it down, killing the organism. • Cancer cells break away from main cell, travel to other parts of the body and replicate there as well. This is called metastisizing. • Most cancer cells have been found to have defects in the gene that regulates cell division. • Mutations can cause cancer cells. Factors can be environmental agents, and chemical agents (like cigarette smoke). CO- Students will learn the distinct parts of interphase. LO- Students will produce a graphic organizer of interphase.

  30. Standard 2a • Students know meiosis is an early step in sexual reproduction in which the pairs of chromosomes separate and segregate randomly during cell division to reproduce gametes containing one chromosome of each type. • Only certain cells in a multicellular organism undergo meiosis. • How random chromosome segregation explains the probability that a particular allele will be in a gamete. CO- Students will learn the distinct parts of interphase. LO- Students will produce a graphic organizer of interphase.

  31. Daily Question #38 After you finish DQ 38 you will need a separate piece of paper (1/2 sheet) to write some questions on. Set the half sheet aside for now until you need it (follow the directions on DQ 38)

  32. Daily Question #38 • Name the five stages of mitosis. • What stage does a cell spend most of its life in? • What is the main difference between the process of meiosis and mitosis? • What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle? • What happens during the S phase of a cell’s cycle? • What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle? • What is a fertilized egg called? • What are sperm and egg cells called? • Next, get a half sheet out and write down the following questions…

  33. Meiosis • They ________ genetic information from ____ to ____ through the process of ____ and ____. • Every cell in our body has ____ chromosomes. • Homologous chromosomes are a pair of _____ chromosomes found in a ____ cell. • Label all of the phases of meiosis. • n + n = ___ (haploid + haploid = ______) • What is “crossing over”? • What is non disjunction? • What is turners syndrome? Does it happen in men? • If you are 40 what is the ratio or probability that you will have a chromosome disorder like downs syndrome. • What are some advantages in sexual reproduction? • What is a mutation?

  34. Mitosis Worksheet • Use your notebook (NO TEXTBOOKS YET!) to help you solve as many questions as you can. If you get stuck, use the book and the internet as a resource. Due Friday. • Have your notebook on your desk so I can check your homework. • Want extra credit? I will give you 15 points extra credit in your test category if you go to the following website http://tinyurl.com/cctdj35 follow the directions and complete the entire process (print out the pages so you can write on them, to turn in) due monday

  35. Daily Questions # 39 (look in your notes!) • What is a gamete? • Are gametes haploid or diploid? • Meiosis is a two stage process. The first stage reduces the number of chromosomes by _____. The second stage separates identical copies of _______. • What is crossing over? • Crossing over is important because it makes sure the no two sets of chromosomes are _______. • Crossing over produces a wide array of genetic _______ in a population. • Mitosis produces how many identical cells? • Meiosis produces how many daughter cells?

  36. Meiosis! • Draw the following picture (on next slide) large on an open left hand side of your notebook. • Homework! • Meiosis Worksheet due tomorrow! (you will get it today) • Meiosis Lab tomorrow • Mitosis/Meiosis quiz on Wednesday (minimum day.) • How fast we work will dictate how fast we get to IAL CO- Students will compare the process of mitosis with meiosis LO- Students will take practice quiz as refresher, and create graphic organizer for Meiosis.

  37. Phases of meiosis draw LARGE on left hand side Meiosis 1 Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 Cytokinesis Meiosis 2 Prophase 2 Metaphase 2 Anaphase 2 Telophase 2 Cytokinesis 2 MEIOSIS 1 MEIOSIS 2 CO- Students will compare the process of mitosis with meiosis LO- Students will take practice quiz as refresher, and create graphic organizer for Meiosis.

  38. Meiosis • We learned a gamete is a reproductive cell (sperm/egg). Human cells have 46 chromosomes (2 pair of 23), gametes are haploid and only contain 23. • Two gametes give half of DNA to offspring totalling 46 chrom. • Gametes are formed via meiosis. • Describe Mieosis CO- Students will compare the process of mitosis with meiosis LO- Students will take practice quiz as refresher, and create graphic organizer for Meiosis.

  39. Meiosis • Meiosis is a type of nuclear division that takes place in 2 stages (meiosis 1 and meiosis2) • The 2N (Diploid) Parent chromosomes separate. • Describe Mieosis CO- Students will compare the process of mitosis with meiosis LO- Students will take practice quiz as refresher, and create graphic organizer for Meiosis.

  40. Meiosis • Parent chromosomes are copied. (92 total) • Describe Mieosis CO- Students will compare the process of mitosis with meiosis LO- Students will take practice quiz as refresher, and create graphic organizer for Meiosis.

  41. Meiosis • Like Chromosomes (homologous) pair up together. • Describe Mieosis CO- Students will compare the process of mitosis with meiosis LO- Students will take practice quiz as refresher, and create graphic organizer for Meiosis.

  42. CO- Students will compare the process of mitosis with meiosis LO- Students will take practice quiz as refresher, and create graphic organizer for Meiosis. • Chromosomes “swap” sections of DNA (crossing over). • This creates a mix of new genetic material in the offspring's cells. • Describe Mieosis

  43. Meiosis • That nucleus divides into 2 “daughter” cells. With a mix if genetic info. • Each now has 46 chromosomes (2n) • Describe Mieosis CO- Students will compare the process of mitosis with meiosis LO- Students will take practice quiz as refresher, and create graphic organizer for Meiosis.

  44. Meiosis • Daughter nuclei divide again producing 4 haploid (n) cells (contains “half” of the genetic info, or 23 chromosomes) • Chromosomes divide, daughter nuclei end up with single chromosome (chromotid) with new genetic mix. • Describe Mieosis CO- Students will compare the process of mitosis with meiosis LO- Students will take practice quiz as refresher, and create graphic organizer for Meiosis.

  45. In males, the 4 1n haploids develop “heads” and “tails”. • In females, out of the 4, 1n haploids, usually only 1 survives. The others (polar bodies) usually are absorbed by the body and do not develop. CO- Students will compare the process of mitosis with meiosis LO- Students will take practice quiz as refresher, and create graphic organizer for Meiosis.

  46. Meiosis 1 • Crossing over is vital. • When two haploid (n) cells combine, the resulting cell is a diploid (2n) • It received 1 of each type of chromosome from each “pair”. • importance, it will help that person have traits that may help it survive better. • People are getting taller, stronger and faster because of crossing over. • Why is crossing over important?

  47. Genetics! • Shake what yo mama gave you!

  48. Standard 2 d. students know combinations of alleles may be generated in a zygote through the fusion of male and female gametes (fertilization). g. how to predict possible combinations of alleles in a zygote from the genetic make up of parents. STANDARD 3 Multicellular organism develops from a single zygote, and its phenotype depends on its genotype which happens at fertilization. • students know how to predict the probable outcome of phenotypes in a genetic cross from the genotypes from parents either dominant or recessive. • Students know the genetic basis for Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment.

  49. Daily Question #23 2 test questions, Slide will change in 6 minutes.

  50. Daily Question #23 • ** In fruit flies, the gene for red eyes (R) is dominant and the gene for sepia eyes (r) is recessive. What are the possible combinations of genes in the offspring of two red-eyed heterozygous flies (Rr)? • RR only c. rr only • Rr and rr only d. RR, Rr, and rr only • **Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells have only one factor for each inherited trait. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that. • Haploid cells are produced by mitosis • Diploid cells are produced by mitosis • Haploid cells are produced by meiosis • Diploid cells are produced by meiosis

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