BLOOD VESSELS

1. BLOOD VESSELS

2. Q 13 • The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the _______. Reduction of the diameter of this cavity is called __________, and enlargement of the vessel diameter is called ____________. Blood is carried to the heart by _________ and away from the heart by ___________. Capillary beds are supplied by ___________ and drained by __________. • 1 – lumen • 2 – vasoconstriction • 3 – vasodilation • 4 – veins • 5 – arteries • 6 – arterioles • 7 – venules

4. Q 14 • Arteries are high-pressure vessels • Veins are low-pressure vessels • Blood flows from high pressure to low pressure • Venous valves are to prevent backflow of blood

5. Q 15- events that aid in venous return of blood • Skeletal muscle activity • Breathing

6. Q 16 • A • Artery • Thick tunica media • Small round lumen • B • Vein • Thin tunica media • Valve • Collapsed lumen • C • Capillary • Single layer

7. 1 – A • 2 – B • 3 – A • 4 – A • 5 – C • 6 – B • 7 - C • Single thin layer of endothelium • Bulky middle coat • Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow • Only tunic in capillaries • Also called adventitia • Only tunic that pays role in BP reg • Supporting coat

9. VEINS • Internal jugular • Subclavian • Axillary • Cephalic • Hepatic • Median cubital • Ulnar • Femoral • Popliteal • Small saphenous • Anterior Tibial • Vertebral • Brachiocephalic • Superior vena cava • Brachial • Inferior vena cava • Renal • Radial • Common iliac • Internal iliac • Greater saphenous • Posterior tibial

10. ARTERIES • Internal carotid • Common carotid • Subclavian • Axillary • Celiac trunk • Superior mesenteric • Ulnar • Inferior mesenteric • Exterior iliac • Femoral • Posterior tibial • External carotid • Vertebral • Brachiocephalic • Brachial • Renal • Aorta • Radial • Common iliac • Internal iliac • Popliteal • Anterior tibial

11. Q 18 • Vein drains kidney • Renal • Vein drains dural sinuses of brain • Internal jugular • Two veins, join to be superior vena cava • Brachiocephalic • Veins drain leg and foot • Anterior tibial, Posterior tibial • Deep veins, draining the forearm • Radial, Ulnar • Vein that receives blood from the arm via axillary v. • Subclavian • Veins drain venous blood from myocardium into coronary sinus • Cardiac

12. Vein carries nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs to liver • Hepatic portal • Superficial vein drains lateral aspect of arm • Cephalic • Vein drains ovaries or testes • Gonadal • Vein drains thorax, empties into sup vc • Azygos • Largest vein below thorax • Inferior vena cava • Vein drains liver • Hepatic • Three veins form/empty into hepatic portal vein • Gastric, inf & sup mesenteric • Longest superficial vein of body, in leg • Greater saphenous • Vein formed by union of ext and int iliac veins • Common iliac • Deep vein of thigh • Femoral

13. Q 19

14. Q 20 • Arterial network on dorsum of foot • Dorsalispedis • Artery serves posterior thigh • Deep femoral • Artery supplies diaphragm • Phrenic • Artery splits to form radial and ulnar a • Brachial • Artery generally auscultated for BP in arm • Brachial • Two arteries formed by division of brachiocephalic trunk • Common carotid, Subclavian • First artery branches off aorta – serves heart • Coronary • Two paired arteries, serving brain • Internal carotid, Vertebral • Largest artery of body • Aorta

15. Artery supplies last half of large intestine • Inferior mesenteric • Artery serves the pelvis • Internal iliac • External iliac becomes this entering thigh • Femoral • Major artery serving arm • Brachial • Artery supplies most of small intestine • Superior Mesenteric • Terminal branches of descending aorta • Common Iliac • Arterial trunk has 3 major branches, serve liver, spleen, stomach • Celiac trunk • Major artery, serving tissues external to skull • External Carotid

16. Three arteries serving leg inferior to knee • Anterior Tibial, Peroneal, Posterior Tibial • Artery used to feel pulse at wrist • Radial • Damage to left semilunar would interfere with blood flow into this vessel • Aorta

17. Q 21

18. Q 22

19. Q 23 • Shunt that allows most fetal blood to bypass liver • DuctusVenosus • Two pairs of arteries from internal carotid artery • Anterior Cerebral, Middle Cerebral • Posterior cerebral arteries serving brain arise from here • Basilar artery • Fetal shunt between aorta and pulmonary trunk allows lungs to be bypassed by the blood • DuctusArteriosus • Opening in interatrial septum shunts fetal blood from rt to left atrium, bypassing lungs • Foramen Ovale • An anastomosis that allows communication between posterior and anterior blood supplies of brain • Circle of Willis • Vessel carrying O2 & nutrient-rich blood to fetus across placenta • Umbilical vein

20. Q 24 • Why are the lungs bypassed by the circulating blood in the fetus? • Fetal lungs are collapsed because the fetus does not breathe

21. Q 25 • Term that does not belong • 1. vein • 2. carotid artery • 3. vasodilation • 4. high blood pressure • 5. vasodilation

22. BLOOD PRESSURE

23. Q 26 • Blood pressure during heart contraction • Systolic BP • Blood pressure during heart relaxation • Diastolic BP • Site where blood pressure determinations are usually made • Over arteries • Points at the body surface where the pulse may be felt • Pressure points • Sounds heard over a blood vessel when vessel is partially compressed • Sounds of Korotkoff • Expansion and recoil of an artery during heart activity • Pulse • Pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls • Blood pressure • Factors related to blood pressure • Cardiac output, peripheral resistance • Event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance • Constriction of arterioles

24. Q 27 • Substances that are fat soluble pass directly through the plasma membranes of the capillary endothelial cells; other substances pass by via capillary clefts, fenestrations, or vesicles. • The most permeable capillaries are those exhibiting fenestrations. • All exchanges to and from the blood and tissue cells occur through the interstitial fluid. • Generally speaking, substances tend to move according to their concentration gradients by the process of diffusion.

25. Capillaries that have capillary clefts and fenestrations tend to be leaky and two forces acting at capillary beds cause fluid flows. • The pressure that forces fluid out of the capillaries is hydrostatic pressure . . . • . . . and the force that causes fluid to reenter the blood is osmotic pressure. • Hence fluid is forced into the interstitial fluidat the arteriole end of the bed and into the blood at the venule end of the capillary bed.

26. Q 28 • Increased diameter of arterioles • Increased urine output • Sudden change in position from reclining to standing • Physical training • Alcohol • Hemorrhage • Increased blood viscosity • Increased cardiac output • Increased pulse rate • Anxiety, fear • Physical exercise • Nicotine • Arteriosclerosis D I

27. Q 29 • Thigh – femoral artery • Forearm – brachial artery • Calf – popliteal artery • Lower jaw – facial artery • Thumb – radial artery

28. Q 30 • 1. increase • 2. orthostatic • 1. Renin, released by the kidney, causes a decrease in blood pressure. • 2. The decreasing efficiency of the sympathetic nervous system vasoconstrictor functioning, due to aging, leads to a type of hypotension called sympathetic hypotension.

29. Brain • Stethoscope • Low • 3. Two body organs in which vasoconstriction rarely occurs are the heart and the kidneys. • 4. A sphygmomanometer is used to take the apical pulse. • 5. The pulmonary circulation is a high-pressure circulation.

30. 6. true • 7. vasoconstricting • 8. hypertension • 6. The fetal equivalent of functional lungs and liver is the placenta. • 7. Cold has a vasodilating effect. • 8. Thrombophlebitis is called a silent killer.

31. Q 31 • 9. deaths • 10. atherosclerosis • 11. menopause • 12. aerobic exercise • 13. atherosclerosis • 14. varicose veins • 15. feet • 16. legs • 1. 4th • 2. lungs • 3. ductusvenosus • 4. umbilical vein • 5. placenta • 6. fetal liver • 7. umbilical artery • 8. occluded