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Automated Computing: Development, Capabilities, and System Components

This chapter discusses the development and capabilities of automated computing. It covers the general capabilities of computers, the components of computer systems, and their functions. It also explores the different classes of computer systems and their distinguishing characteristics. The role and function of application and system software, as well as the economic role of system and application development software, are described. Additionally, the components and functions of computer networks are discussed.

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Automated Computing: Development, Capabilities, and System Components

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  1. Chapter Goals • Discuss the development of automated computing • Describe the general capabilities of a computer • Describe computer system components and their functions • List computer system classes and their distinguishing characteristics • Define the role and function of application and system software Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  2. Chapter Goals (continued) • Describe the economic role of system and application development software • Describe the components and functions of computer networks Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  3. Systems Architecture • Describes structure, interaction, and technology of computer system components • Capabilities of a computer • Accept numeric inputs • Perform computational functions • Communicate results Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  4. Automated Computation • Mechanical • Early computers with limited capabilities • Electronic • Fast, accurate reliable • Optical • Fast, accurate reliable Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  5. Mechanical Implementation • Mechanical representation of a mathematical calculation • Difference engine - Charles Babbage, 1821 • Limitations and shortcomings • Complex design and construction • Wear, breakdown, and maintenance of parts • Limits on operating speed Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  6. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  7. Electronic Implementation • Stores numerical values as magnetic charges or by positioning electrical switches • Can convert physical movement into electrical signals, or vice versa • World War II – impetus for change • Faster, more reliable, easier to build than mechanical counterparts Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  8. Optical Implementation • Harnesses energy of a moving photon • Represents data as pulses of light stored directly or indirectly by materials that reflect or don’t reflect light • Now common in computer networks that cover large distances Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  9. Computer Capabilities • Processing • Storage • Communication Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  10. Processor • Device that performs data manipulation and transformation functions • Computation • Comparison • Data movement among memory, mass storage, and input/output devices Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  11. Processor Terminology • Instructions • Programs • General-purpose and special-purpose processors • Formulas and algorithms • Comparisons and branching Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  12. Storage Capacity • Types of information to be stored • Intermediate processing results • Data • Programs • Characteristics of storage devices vary widely • Cost • Access speed • Reliability Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  13. Input/Output Capability • Must encompass many communication modes • Sound, text, and graphics (for humans) • Electronic or optical communication (for other computers) Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  14. Computer Hardware Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  15. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  16. Central Processing Unit • General-purpose processor • Executes all instructions (computation and comparison functions) • Directs all data movement Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  17. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  18. CPU Components Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  19. System Bus • Internal communication channel that connects all other hardware devices • Primary pathway for moving data and instructions among hardware components • Capacity is critical to performance, secondary storage, and I/O device performance Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  20. Primary Storage(Main Memory) • Holds program instructions and data for currently executing programs • Implemented with random access memory (RAM) • Provides access speed and allows CPU to read or write to specific memory locations • Volatile; does not provide permanent storage Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  21. Secondary Storage • Composed of high-capacity nonvolatile storage devices that hold: • Programs not currently being executed • Data not needed by currently executing programs • Data needed by currently executing programs that does not fit within available primary storage Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  22. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  23. Input/Output Devices • Implement external communication functions • Human-oriented communication devices(e.g., keyboard, mouse, printer) • Computer-oriented communication devices(e.g., modem, network interface unit) Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  24. Computer System Classes Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  25. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  26. Multicomputer Configurations • Any organization of multiple computers to support a specific set of services or applications • Common configurations • Cluster • Blade • Grid Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  27. Cluster • Group of similar or identical computers that cooperate to provide services or execute a common application • Connected by high-speed network • Typically located close to one another • Advantages: scalability and fault tolerance • Disadvantages: complex configuration and administration Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  28. Blade • Circuit board that contains most of a server computer; a specialized cluster • Same advantages and disadvantages as a cluster, but also: • Concentrate more computing power in less space • Are simpler to modify Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  29. Grid • Group of dissimilar computer systems, connected by high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or execute a common application • Computers may be in separate rooms, buildings, or continents • Computers work cooperatively at some times, independently at others Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  30. Bigger Isn’t Always Better • Grosch’s Law (1952) has been rewritten due to: • Multiple classes of computers • Expanded abilities to configure computers for specific purposes • Increased software costs relative to hardware costs • Large computer databases • Widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces • Multicomputer configurations Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  31. The Role of Software • Translates user requests into machine instructions • Performs complex translation process that bridges two gaps • Human language to machine language (binary) • High-level abstraction to low-level detail Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  32. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  33. Software Types Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  34. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  35. System Software Layers • System management • System services • Resource allocation • Hardware interface Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  36. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  37. Operating Systems • Most important system software component • Collection of utility programs that provides: • Administrative utilities • Utility services to application programs • Resource allocation functions • Direct control over hardware Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  38. Operating System Functions • Program storage, loading, and execution • File manipulation and access • Secondary storage management • Network and interactive user interfaces Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  39. Application Development Software • Programs used to develop other programs • Types • Program translators • Program editors • Debugging tools • System development tools Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  40. Economics of System and Application Development Software • System software consumes hardware resources • Cost per unit of computing power has rapidly decreased • Software is more cost-effective when reused many times Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  41. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  42. Computer Networks • Set of hardware and software components that enable multiple users and computer systems to share information, software, and hardware resources • Enables many types of personal communication Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  43. Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  44. External Resources • Ability to share data, programs, and hardware resources among computers • Gives modern organizations flexibility to deploy and redeploy computing and information resources to satisfy rapidly changing needs Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  45. Network Software • Finds requested resources on the network • Negotiates resource access with distant resource allocation software • Receives and delivers resources to requesting user or program • May also listen for and validate resource requests, and deliver resources via the network Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  46. Network Communication and the Physical Network • Network communication devices • Simpler than I/O devices; do not need to convert data represented electronically into another form • Must support communication at high speeds • Physical network • Complex combination of communication protocols, methods of data transmission, and network hardware devices Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

  47. Summary • Basic elements of computer system architecture • Hardware • Software • Networks • Importance of knowing how all components of a computer system interrelate as well as their internal workings Systems Architecture, Fifth Edition

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