Presenter

1. Presenter Mr. G.S. Samende Course: Nonverbal communication

2. Territoriality refers to behaviour within a specified geographical area in a way that indicates that it is owned and this space is often strongly defended against perceived invaders.People use and regulate spaceNonverbal signals used to regulate personal space 1. HUMAN NONVERBAL TERRITORIALITY AND ENCROACHMENT

3. Types of territories primary territory secondary territory tertiary territory/public territory Primary territory area or object which is clearly the domain of the owner areas are carefully guarded against invaders important in the daily life the owner, e.g. home, bedroom, immediate zone around our bodies when a person gets too close, we feel they are invading our privacy

4. Primary territory (Continues) access to our body very limited we defend strongly in the wake of an intruder possessed territory used for jackets, wallets, handbags and even our own children

5. Secondary territories secondary territory refers to are or object which is not as central to the daily life of the owner and refers to object we can claim temporarily, e.g. magazine, a television remote control, a toy they are not limited property of the owner boundaries are not clear

6. Public/Tertiary territory refers to area or object which is available to everyone, but only for temporary ownership available temporarily to everyone in the public example include, parks, beaches, seats on public transport, etc. seats in classroom have many temporary owners. Those who spent more time in a particular class will regard it as their classroom

7. Territorial encroachment refers to the process when someone or something takes over more and more of a particular place Types of territorial encroachment violation of territory invasion of territory contamination of territory violation of territory violation refers to unwarranted use of someone’s territory

8. Territorial encroachment (Continues) this can be done by staring at someone until the person feels uncomfortable talking too loudly playing loud music taking more space than necessary, e.g. taking two seats on a bus Invasion of territory refers to an attempt to take over someone’s territory it can be done permanently

9. Territorial encroachment (continues) in the form of armed invasion into someone’s room invasion of another country, e.g. USA invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan Contamination of territory refers to the act of leaving something behind, that spoils the territory for another person it can be done temporary, for example, people do not want to find evidence in a hotel room that someone was there before them people do not want to find food particles on a plate in a restaurant or find rubbish left by someone in a hotel room

10. 2. SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE BODY AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION specific features of the body affect our nonverbal communication and interaction. These include the face, body shape, height, body image, body colour, body smell and body hair The face of a person beautiful woman have high forehead, fuller lips and have an average nose and chin they have clear skin, glossy hair and big eyes face may reveal character, personality, health and intelligence but may not reflect real character of person

11. The face of a person (continues) baby-face adults may be judged to be weak, submissive, honest and naïve they may also be seen as more honest, warm and sincere than mature-looking people these understanding may affect their lives in courtroom baby-faced defendants more often convicted for crimes of negligence Matured-looking adults’ crimes judged intentional facial features make strong impressions on others facial features may harm or be of benefits to us depending on existing stereotypes initial impressions easily changed through actual behaviour and personality

12. Body shape of person the shape of person’s body affects interpersonal communication life experience, environmental factors, other people’s expectations and self-concept can affect personality body shape does not influence personality Types of body shapes endomorphic mesomorphic ectomorphic

13. The body shape of person(continues) Endomorphic refers to the fat and soft body shape of person Mesomorphic refers to muscular body shape of a person Ectomorphic refers to tall and thin body shape of person

14. The body shape of person(continues) Body shape and personality stereotypes stereotype refers to the general image that many believe represents a particular type of a person stereotypes affect interpersonal communication people with fat and soft body are regarded by others as older, old-fashioned, weak, less attractive, talkative, warm, friendly and trusting people with muscular body are regarded as strong, better looking, masculine, tense, younger, mature and self-reliant people with tall and thin body shape are seen as younger, tense and nervous, less masculine, stubborn and difficult, negative, quieter body build important in judging physical appearance

15. The body shape of person(continues) chubby kids socially avoided as a result they have negative self-image overweight people are discriminated in life they are less likely to marry may learn less and have less education in western culture a slender woman is desired (old-fashion) modern western culture a healthy body desirable for both men and women muscular body shape of man is ideal for many women.

16. The height of person height important in social lives ▪people who are short are negatively judged■tall people positively judged ▪the following are the dominant perceptions with regard to body height: ◦ status ◦ attractiveness ◦ competencestatus▪height associated with power and prestige, for example, many presidents are tall▪a competitive short man often accused of “short man syndrome”.

17. The height of person (continues) Attractiveness tall man perceived as more attractive they are romantic ideal judgment of attractiveness not based on height alone Competence tall man seen as more competent at work they receive higher salaries short man not often selected for special training tall man have more self-esteem they have more money tall people are often chosen as leader

18. The body image of person body image important for self-image larger than average adult males desirable smaller than average adult females preferred most women prefer bigger breasts women with smaller breasts regarded as highly competent and intelligence media promotes unrealistic standard of beauty body image important for self-image larger than average adult males desirable smaller than average adult females preferred

19. The body colour of person blushing colour change of body may be seen as a sign of embarrassment some women in Namibia lighten their skin to look beautiful and feminine skin colour used to easily classify social world, for example, albino, black people and white people albinos discriminated and killed in some culture because of skin colour black people discriminated by the white minority in Namibia and elsewhere because of skin colour white people seen as superior to black people in some societies

20. The body smell of person body smell influences interpersonal communication body smell plays an important role in relationship development homosexual men prefer body odours of gay men heterosexual men react to body odour of women they find women most attractive during ovulation pleasant smell used to reduce anxiety, headaches and hypertension aromatherapy used to reduce stress bad breaths may offend people environmental odours affect human interaction, for example, may set the mood for romance

21. The body hair of person hair length and style affect interpersonal communication short hair may be regarded as a sign of civility in some culture such as Indian man with long hair discriminated and abused in South Korea, men with long hair could be arrested women with long hair desirable for most men hair length and style associated with gangs, gender identity and disciplines some men believe that baldness may make men less attractive women with facial hair or beard discriminated in some cultures women are encouraged to remove underarm hair and pubic hair

22. 3. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPEECH-INDEPENDENT GESTURE AND SPEECH DEPENDENT GESTURES Gesture refers to arms, hand movement and head gestures. Some gestures such as head nods during conversation are universal. Gesture can replace speech during conversation; they can regulate the flow of interaction, maintain interaction, clarifies points during conversation and can make the content of speech memorable. Two types of gestures speech-independent gestures speech dependent gestures.

23. Speech-independent gestures they are known as emblems or automous gestures have direct verbal translation and dictionary definition they are understood by the majority of members of a particular culture children can understand many of these gesture by the age of 3, for example “yes”, “no”, “quiet”, “goodbye” and “come here”. they can be understood without using speech, for example, the thumbs-up-gesture, palms up which means I do not know, the jaw drop shows surprise and the nose wrinkle which shows that something stinks gesture can have different meanings in different cultures, for example, the ring sign, the v or victory sign can be an insult in Britain if the palm faces the performer, but to some it simply means two as in Roman numerals

24. Speech-independent gestures (Continues) they can be used together with verbal communication, for example, you can tell a friend about someone’s strange behaviour by using a circular gesture at the side of your head to show that s/he is crazy. the yes or no gestures are often used by listeners during conversation context may influence the meaning of gesture. giving someone “the finger” can be rude and insulting in some cases or but may also mean humorous when used among someone’s friend general meaning of gesture depends on the context, for example, thumbs up sign can mean “good”, but it can also communicate understanding, acknowledge a favour or great someone

25. Speech-independent gestures (Continues) slight modification in performing a gesture can affect the meaning of that gesture gestures differ from one culture to culture, but most cultures have signs of yes or no, stop, not knowing some gestures and their meaning: palm of hand facing the listener means wait a minute palm of hand facing oneself and fingers making waving movements toward yourself means come in palm of hand upwards and pointing to the seat means sit down thumbs up mean yes, ok or good wagging index finger mean no

26. Speech-independent gestures (Continues) palm facing up, fingers cupped and arm stretched out means give index finger and middle finger form a V means victory

27. Speech-dependent gestures they are called illustrator they are directly related to speech as they are used while speaking The following are common types of speech-dependent gestures gestures related to the speaker’s referent (the ones which the speaker is referring to) gestures showing the speaker-referent relationship gestures used as visual punctuation in a conversation gestures that regulate and organise spoken dialogue

28. Speech-dependent gestures (Continues) Referent-related gestures includes concrete or abstract referents pointing movement, for example, can indicate a specific person, place or an item being discussed drawing an object or indicating space is also used with concrete referents an abstract referent can be observed, for example, when people make circular movements with an arm to suggest that we mean more than what is said Speaker-referent relationship gestures shows the speaker’s orientation to the referent, for example, palms up may show uncertainty and palms down certainty

29. Speech-dependent gestures (Continues) Punctuation gesture emphasis important parts of a conversation organise important parts of a conversation may coincide with voice stress or eye flash Interactivegestures acknowledge the other conversation partner help regulate dialogue they include gestures such as ; delivery, for example, “here is my point”, citing, for example, “as you said earlier”, “what is the word for…?” and turn taking, for example,” it’s your turn”

30. 4. NONVERBAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FACTORS BELLOW: Context may influence the meaning of nonverbal behaviour. Context refers to the situation in which nonverbal occurs in a social setting. Context can help people to understand nonverbal behaviour. 1. advertising and nonverbal messages advertising has great influence on the lives of people. advertising motivate people to buy a product concepts of advertising shape the values and attitude of people advertising targets areas such as; our desire for success beauty social acceptance

31. Advertising (Continues) behaviour and values of different groups self-esteem advertising tells us what the things are that should make us happy it supports certain stereotypes without us noticing advertising affect our behaviour it manipulates behaviour of customers nonverbal information important in advertising nonverbal information comes in the form of settings, props, clothes, make-up, music, physical features and facial expressions, tone of voice and movements We are less critical of nonverbal messages advertising my unconsciously influence us

32. Advertising (Continues) the images used in advertising penetrate our mind through constant repetition nonverbal messages in advertising demean the status of women in comparison to men women play subordinate role in nonverbal messages used in advertising advertising aimed at children show girls acting shy, cover their faces, smiles a lot magazine photos shows more of men’s faces and more of women’s bodies this results in men being regarded as more intelligence and dominant the beautiful people and exciting lives in advertisement make us feel inferior and encourages us to buy the product to become just like them salesperson are carefully trained in nonverbal behaviour that woks persuasively

33. Politics and nonverbal messages nonverbal behaviour powerful in politics thus the image politicians portray in public and on TV affect voter choices political candidates wish to appear attractive show energy, show confidence and likeability, and communicate assertiveness, sincerity and caring appearance and body language help politicians win votes politicians are concerned with their public image facial photos of political candidates can be doctored to look more matured and acceptable to voters knowledge of nonverbal behaviour can help protect you from being manipulated

34. Education and nonverbal messages nonverbal behaviour plays an important role in classroom it can give us clues about the relationship between the teacher and the learners it help us learn about the students interest, attention and desire to learn teacher’s dress and classroom design and arrangement of movable object such as chairs can affect participation and learning a teacher who smiles more, make more eye contact with the learners can improve learner’s performance in his subject students can detect it when the teacher treats them better or worse

35. Culture and nonverbal messages culture influences nonverbal behaviour influence cultures differ greatly some people value high/low contact cultures others value individualism/collectivism and some value high/low context cultures. High/low contact cultures high-contact cultures like close interaction distances and frequent touching common in Central and South America, Southern Europe and the Middle East Asia and Northern Europe are low-contact cultures

36. High/low contact cultures (Continues) some cultures may communicate intimacy with a lot of touching while others not the meaning of touch may be different form one culture to another Value individualism/collectivism individualist cultures emphasise personal rights, responsibility, privacy, self-expression, individual initiative and achievement this behaviour is common in Northern Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand nonverbal signals include private environments, confident and dynamic behaviour the collective cultures values membership

37. Value individualism/collectivism sharing and collaboration is important in this culture harmony and maintaining traditions is important this behaviour is common South America they support familiar routines, rituals, respectful behaviour, and avoid attention-seeking behaviour this is common among Africans high/low context cultures low context-context culture use verbal messages to give information in a direct, explicit and unambiguous way. high-context cultures rely on indirect messages and nonverbal behaviour messages gain meaning through knowledge of the context

38. High/low context cultures its about what everyone knows tolerate ambiguity high-context cultures found in Asia and other countries with low racial diversity lack of cultural knowledge may lead to misunderstanding Cultural similarities there are many similarities in nonverbal across cultures firstly because nonverbal behaviour is becoming a multicultural phenomenon internet, travel, magazines and films used to exchange nonverbal information

39. Cultural similarities secondly because people have an inherited, universal neurological programme neurological programme is part of all members of the human species therefore people can recognise certain facial expressions people tend to agree about facial attractiveness there are similarities with regard to gaze, touch, territorial needs, refusal and greeting behaviour

40. Therapy and nonverbal messages doctors study patient’s nonverbal behaviour to understand some illnesses and disorders for examples, depression can be reflected in sadness alcoholics and people suffering from autism find it hard to judge emotional expressions nonverbal behaviour is important during the doctor’s interaction with patients psychotherapists study nonverbal behaviour of their patients to detect problems that patients do not want to discuss

41. Therapy and nonverbal messages (Continues) nonverbal behaviour can be used to as warning of the risk of heart attack in person nonverbal facial cues help doctors to detect pain in patients doctors needs more training in nonverbal communication and interpretations of nonverbal behaviour of patients

42. Technology and nonverbal messages technology lack nonverbal communication technology can communicate nonverbal messages through visual images people add vocal and visual cues to computer-generated messages some people use emoticons, capital letters, quotation marks to convey nonverbal messages to others, for example, people use emoticons to convey nonverbal messages such as :-) Smile; I’m kidding , :-( Frown; I’m feeling down, * Kiss, ^ o ^ Happy etc. (De Vito, R.A. 2002). it’s important to have the ability to decode nonverbal cues in computer-generated messages

43. Reference Hunter, J. (2014). Nonverbal Communication: Study Guide. Windhoek, Polytechnic of Namibia: Centre for External Studies.Chawla, p., Chen, Y. & kraus, R. (1991). Nonverbal behavior and nonverbal communication: What do conversational hang gestures tell us? San Diego, CA: Colombia University Academic Press De Vito, R. A. (2002). Human Communication: The basic course. Boston: Pearson