Gary A. Bulla, Ph.D.

1. General Biology Bio1001-007 If you are a biology major- don’t take this course! Gary A. Bulla, Ph.D.

2. www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfgab …and powerpoint files Lectures saved as Html files.. Click on “Chapter 1“

3. If you have Microsoft Powerpoint: -You can print out the lectures 6 slides /page To print- 1. Select File- Print 2. In the pop-up window, select… Slides “6” slides per page Handouts OK Pure black and white

4. Concepts & Methods in Biology Chapter 1 Biology- • Scientific study of life • Lays the foundation for asking basic questions about life and the natural world

5. What Is Life? • Capture and use of ______ and raw materials • Sense and respond to the _______________ • Capacity to grow, __________, and develop • Tendency to ________ Why Study Biology? • To learn how organisms are constructed, how they function, where they live, and what they do • To help you develop, modify, and refine your ideas about life

6. Molecules of Life • Four macromolecules of life: • _____________ (DNA, RNA) • _____________ • _____________ • ____________ (fat)

7. Basic Unit of Life - The Cell • Molecule • Organelle • _____- the smallest unit having the capacity to ____ and ___________ • Multicelled Organism • _________ • Population • __________ • Ecosystem • __________ Complexity

8. Interdependencies Among Organisms 1. ________- Make their own food 2. _________- Depend on energy stored in tissues of producers 3.__________ -Break down remains and wastes Fig. 1.6, p. 7

9. Nothing Lives Without Energy Energy = Capacity to do _______ _____________ = Reactions by which cells acquire and use energy to grow, survive, and reproduce

10. Diversity of Life • Millions of living species (millions extinct) • Classification scheme attempts to organize this diversity Taxa K_____ P_____ C_____ O_____ G_____ S_____ • Two-part naming system (devised by Carolus ________________) • First name is _______ (plural, genera) • Homo sapiens - genus is Homo • Second name is _________ within genus

11. The three ________are the_ ____________________ . • Archaea and bacteria are ___________(no nucleus). • The ________includes at least four kingdoms: ______- Protists _______ _______ _________ Fig. 1.11

12. Mutation change in structure of ____ • Basis for the variation in heritable traits • Most are _____________ Adaptive Trait • trait that gives the individual an advantage in _______ or _________________ Evolution • Genetically based change in a line of descent over _______ • Population changes, not ______________ Natural Selection • Differential _____________ and reproduction

13. Scientific Method OHPTA Oh, How Peter Talks Away • ________ phenomenon • Develop __________ • Make ____________ • Devise _____ of predictions • Carry out test and ________ results

14. Example • __________: Eagles, swallows, and robins have feathers • ___________: All birds have feathers Deductive Logic • Drawing a specific conclusion based on a generalization • Generalization - Birds have feathers • Example - Eagles are birds • Conclusion - Eagles have feathers

15. How do you test your prediction? Experimental Design • _________group a must!! • A standard for comparison • ____________ to experimental group except for ____________ being studied • Sampling error • ________________ sample skews results • Minimize by using ________________

16. Draw samples from some aspect of nature CONTROL GROUP The variable being tested is absent EXPERIMENTAL GROUP The variable being tested is present Compile results Compile results Compare and analyze the test results Report on experimental design, test results, and conclusions drawn from results Fig. 1.10, p. 12

17. Scientific Theory • A hypothesis that has been tested for its predictive power many times and has not yet been found __________ Example- Big question- Can we use viruses that attack bacteria (bacteriophages) to fight infections? Experiment 1 • Hypothesis - Bacteriophages can protect mice against infectious bacteria • Prediction - Mice injected with bacteriophages will not die as a result of bacterial injection

18. Experiment 1 - Test • Experimental group Inject with bacteria and bacteriophage • Control group • Inject with bacteria and saline Results • Experimental group - All mice lived • Control group-All mice died Conclusion Bacteriophage injections protect mice against bacterial infections

19. Experiment 1 - Test • Prediction - Bacteriophage injections will be more effective treatment than single dose of the antibiotic streptomycin • Test - Mice injected with bacteria, then with saline, streptomycin, or bacteriophage Results • When 2nd injection was: • Bacteriophage - 11 of 12 mice lived • 60mg/gm streptomycin - 5 of 12 lived • 100mg/gm streptomycin - 3 of 12 lived • Saline - all mice died Conclusion • Conclusion - __________________ • ___________________________

20. Limits of Science • Scientific approach cannot provide answers to _____________ questions • Cannot provide moral, aesthetic, or _________________ standards