Chapter 17 THE ROAD TO WAR

1. Chapter 17 THE ROAD TO WAR Section 1: The Search for Peace Section 2: Relations with Latin America Section 3: The Rise of Militarism Section 4: War Breaks Out

2. Section 1: The Search for Peace Objectives: • What foreign policy did the United States follow after World War I? • What were the major postwar peace initiatives? • How did war debts and reparations affect European nations after World War I?

3. Section 1: The Search for Peace U.S. foreign policy after World War I The U.S. followed a policy of partial isolationism, declining membership in the League of Nations and the World Court.

4. Section 1: The Search for Peace Major postwar peace initiatives • The Five-Power Naval Treaty limited nations’ naval strength. • The Four-Power Treaty guaranteed respect for nations’ territorial possessions in the Pacific. • The Nine-Power Treaty guaranteed China’s territorial integrity. • The Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed war.

5. Section 1: The Search for Peace Effects of war debts and reparations • Britain, France, and Italy were in debt to the U.S., so they demanded reparations from Germany to help them pay. • Germany was forced to borrow money from Britain and to print paper money. • Germany suffered hyperinflation, which led to a severe economic downturn. • German bitterness grew.

6. Section 2: Relations with Latin America Objectives: • What role did the United States play in Nicaraguan politics? • How did U.S. relations with Latin America change in the 1930s? • How did the Great Depression affect Latin American countries?

7. Section 2: Relations with Latin America U.S. and Nicaragua • 1926: the U.S. invaded Nicaragua to protect commercial interests. • 1927: Stimson helped negotiate an end to civil war in Nicaragua; U.S. trained the Nicaraguan National Guard. • 1926-1933: U.S. troops fought Sandino’s forces. • 1933: U.S. withdrew. • 1936 on: U.S. backed the Somoza regime.

8. Section 2: Relations with Latin America Changes in U.S. relationship with Latin America • U.S. established the Good Neighbor policy. • U.S. canceled the Platt Amendment (right to intervene in Cuban affairs). • U.S. gave up its right to intervene unilaterally in Panama. • U.S. withdrew troops from Haiti. • U.S. did not intervene when Mexico chose to nationalize its oil industry.

9. Section 2: Relations with Latin America The Great Depression in Latin America • Crop prices decreased, wages dropped, unemployment grew. • The gulf between the rich and the poor grew. • Caudillos took power in many countries.

10. Section 3: The Rise of Militarism Objectives: • How did Benito Mussolini create a fascist state in Italy? • How did Joseph Stalin maintain power in the Soviet Union? • How did Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany? • What caused the Spanish Civil War? • What actions did Japan’s military take during the 1930s?

11. Section 3: The Rise of Militarism Mussolini in Italy • led Fascists to power against Communists • used Blackshirts to occupy Rome, with support of nationalists and industrialists • got appointed prime minister and given dictatorial powers • limited freedom of speech and voting rights • arrested opponents

12. Section 3: The Rise of Militarism Stalin in the Soviet Union • seized private land and collectivized agriculture • sent opponents to forced labor camps • used police and army to suppress dissent • purged the party and the army of opposition

13. Section 3: The Rise of Militarism Hitler in Germany • Hitler won support by blaming Jews, Communists, and intellectuals for Germany’s decline. • In 1932, 40 percent of the vote in national elections went to the Nazi Party. • Hitler was appointed chancellor and claimed dictatorial powers. • Hitler crushed political opposition.

14. Section 3: The Rise of Militarism Causes of the Spanish Civil War • In 1931, Spain adopted a new constitution limiting the power of the military and of the Catholic Church. • The new constitution called for universal suffrage, nationalization of public utilities, and land for peasants. • Conservative military men felt threatened by the populist reforms. • In 1936, Fascist army officers led by Franco began to try to overthrow the government.

15. Japan’s military during the 1930s • built up naval forces in violation of Washington Conference pledges • invaded Manchuria • clashed with Chinese troops near Beijing • occupied northern China • launched bombing raids against Chinese cities • occupied Nanjing

16. Section 4: War Breaks Out Objectives: • What was the international response to fascism? • What were the early events of World War II? • Why did tension between the United States and Germany increase? • Why did Japan bomb Pearl Harbor?

17. Section 4: War Breaks Out International response to fascism • U.S. Congress passed neutrality laws. • European leaders adopted a policy of appeasement, but also sped up rearmament. • The U.S. recognized the Soviet Union.

18. Section 4: War Breaks Out Early events of World War II • 1939: Hitler occupied Czechoslovakia and signed a nonaggression pact with Stalin. • 1939: Germany invaded Poland and France and Britain declared war. • 1940: Germany occupied Belgium, Denmark, northern France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Norway. • 1940: British citizens rescued the British army from Dunkirk, and Germany established a puppet government in France.

19. Section 4: War Breaks Out Reasons for climbing tensions between U.S. and Germany • increasing U.S. aid to allies • German submarine attacks • Roosevelt’s “shoot-on-sight” orders

20. Section 4: War Breaks Out Reasons for Japan’s bombing of Pearl Harbor • freezing of all Japanese assets in the U.S • embargo on American shipments of gasoline, machine tools, scrap iron, and steel to Japan