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Discover the intricate world of macromolecules, from the formation of large polymers to the breakdown of complex structures like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Learn about the elements, monomers, examples, and functions of each molecule type in Chapter 3 of AP Biology.

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  1. Focus on: • Elements in each molecule • How molecules are linked and unlinked • Examples and functions of each type of molecule

  2. Chapter 3 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

  3. Macromolecules • Large molecules formed by joining many subunits together. • Also known as “polymers”.

  4. Monomer • A building block of a polymer. AP Biology

  5. Condensation Synthesis or Dehydration Synthesis • The chemical reaction that joins monomers into polymers. • Covalent bonds are formed by the removal of a water molecule between the monomers.

  6. Hydrolysis • Reverse of condensation synthesis. • Hydro- water • Lysis - to split • Breaks polymers into monomers by adding water.

  7. Four Main Types Of Macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Protein • Nucleic acids

  8. For each Macromolecule know the following: • Elements it contains • Monomer units and structures • Examples • Uses or roles

  9. Carbohydrates • Used for fuel, building materials, and receptors. • Made of C,H,O • General formula is CH2O • C:O ratio is 1:1

  10. Types Of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Oligosaccharides • Polysaccharides

  11. Monosaccharides • Mono - single • Saccharide - sugar • Simple sugars. • 3 to 7 carbons. • Can be in linear or ring forms.

  12. Monosaccharides • Can be “Aldoses” or “Ketoses” depending on the location of the carbonyl group.

  13. Examples • Glucose • Galactose • Ribose • Fructose

  14. - OSE • Word ending common for many carbohydrates.

  15. Disaccharides • Sugar formed by joining two monosaccharides through a “glycosidic linkage”.

  16. Examples • Maltose = glucose + glucose • Lactose = glucose + galactose • Sucrose = glucose + fructose

  17. Oligosaccharides • 2 - 10 joined simple sugars. • Used in cell membranes.

  18. Polysaccharides • Many joined simple sugars. • Used for storage or structure. • Examples: • Starch • Cellulose • Glycogen

  19. a glucose and b glucose

  20. Starch • Made of 1-4 linkages of a glucose. • Linkage makes the molecule form a helix. • Fuel storage in plants.

  21. a glucose

  22. Cellulose • Made of 1-4 linkages of b glucose. • Linkage makes the molecule form a straight line. • Used for structure in plant cell walls.

  23. b glucose

  24. Comment • Most organisms can digest starch (1- 4 a linkage), but very few can digest cellulose (1- 4 b linkage). • Another example of the link between structure and function.

  25. Glycogen • “Animal starch” • Similar to starch, but has more 1-6 linkages or branches. • Found in the liver and muscle cells.

  26. Starch Glycogen

  27. Lipids • Diverse hydrophobic molecules. • Made of C,H,O • No general formula. • C:O ratio is very high in C.

  28. Fats and Oils • Fats - solid at room temperature. • Oils - liquid at room temperature.

  29. Fats and Oils • Made of two kinds of smaller molecules. • Fatty Acids • Glycerol

  30. Fatty Acids • A long carbon chain (12-18 C) with a -COOH (acid) on one end and a -CH3 (fat) at the other.

  31. Acid Fat

  32. Neutral Fats or Triacylglycerols • Three fatty acids joined to one glycerol. • Joined by an “ester” linkage between the -COOH of the fatty acid and the -OH of the alcohol.

  33. Saturated FatsUnsaturated Fats • Saturated - no double bonds. • Unsaturated - one or more C=C bonds. Can accept more Hydrogens. • Double bonds cause “kinks” in the molecule’s shape.

  34. Question • Why do fats usually contain saturated fatty acids and oils usually contain unsaturated fatty acids? • The double bond pushes the molecules apart, lowering the density, which lowers the melting point.

  35. Fats • Differ in which fatty acids are used. • Used for energy storage, cushions for organs, insulation.

  36. Question ? • Which has more energy, a kg of fat or a kg of starch? • Fat - there are more C-H bonds which provide more energy per mass.

  37. Phospholipids • Similar to fats, but have only two fatty acids. • The third -OH of glycerol is joined to a phosphate containing molecule.

  38. Result • Phospholipids have a hydrophobic tail, but a hydrophilic head. • Self-assembles into micells or bilayers, an important part of cell membranes.

  39. Steroids • Lipids with four fused rings. • Differ in the functional groups attached to the rings. • Examples: • cholesterol • sex hormones

  40. Proteins • The molecular tools of the cell. • Made of C,H,O,N, and sometimes S. • No general formula.

  41. Uses Of Proteins • Structure • Enzymes • Antibodies • Transport • Movement • Receptors • Hormones

  42. Proteins • Polypeptide chains of Amino Acids linked by peptide bonds.

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