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Focus on:. Elements in each molecule How molecules are linked and unlinked Examples and functions of each type of molecule. Chapter 3 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life. Macromolecules. Large molecules formed by joining many subunits together. Also known as “polymers”.

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  1. Focus on: • Elements in each molecule • How molecules are linked and unlinked • Examples and functions of each type of molecule

  2. Chapter 3 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

  3. Macromolecules • Large molecules formed by joining many subunits together. • Also known as “polymers”.

  4. Monomer • A building block of a polymer. AP Biology

  5. Condensation Synthesis or Dehydration Synthesis • The chemical reaction that joins monomers into polymers. • Covalent bonds are formed by the removal of a water molecule between the monomers.

  6. Hydrolysis • Reverse of condensation synthesis. • Hydro- water • Lysis - to split • Breaks polymers into monomers by adding water.

  7. Four Main Types Of Macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Protein • Nucleic acids

  8. For each Macromolecule know the following: • Elements it contains • Monomer units and structures • Examples • Uses or roles

  9. Carbohydrates • Used for fuel, building materials, and receptors. • Made of C,H,O • General formula is CH2O • C:O ratio is 1:1

  10. Types Of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Oligosaccharides • Polysaccharides

  11. Monosaccharides • Mono - single • Saccharide - sugar • Simple sugars. • 3 to 7 carbons. • Can be in linear or ring forms.

  12. Monosaccharides • Can be “Aldoses” or “Ketoses” depending on the location of the carbonyl group.

  13. Examples • Glucose • Galactose • Ribose • Fructose

  14. - OSE • Word ending common for many carbohydrates.

  15. Disaccharides • Sugar formed by joining two monosaccharides through a “glycosidic linkage”.

  16. Examples • Maltose = glucose + glucose • Lactose = glucose + galactose • Sucrose = glucose + fructose

  17. Oligosaccharides • 2 - 10 joined simple sugars. • Used in cell membranes.

  18. Polysaccharides • Many joined simple sugars. • Used for storage or structure. • Examples: • Starch • Cellulose • Glycogen

  19. a glucose and b glucose

  20. Starch • Made of 1-4 linkages of a glucose. • Linkage makes the molecule form a helix. • Fuel storage in plants.

  21. a glucose

  22. Cellulose • Made of 1-4 linkages of b glucose. • Linkage makes the molecule form a straight line. • Used for structure in plant cell walls.

  23. b glucose

  24. Comment • Most organisms can digest starch (1- 4 a linkage), but very few can digest cellulose (1- 4 b linkage). • Another example of the link between structure and function.

  25. Glycogen • “Animal starch” • Similar to starch, but has more 1-6 linkages or branches. • Found in the liver and muscle cells.

  26. Starch Glycogen

  27. Lipids • Diverse hydrophobic molecules. • Made of C,H,O • No general formula. • C:O ratio is very high in C.

  28. Fats and Oils • Fats - solid at room temperature. • Oils - liquid at room temperature.

  29. Fats and Oils • Made of two kinds of smaller molecules. • Fatty Acids • Glycerol

  30. Fatty Acids • A long carbon chain (12-18 C) with a -COOH (acid) on one end and a -CH3 (fat) at the other.

  31. Acid Fat

  32. Neutral Fats or Triacylglycerols • Three fatty acids joined to one glycerol. • Joined by an “ester” linkage between the -COOH of the fatty acid and the -OH of the alcohol.

  33. Saturated FatsUnsaturated Fats • Saturated - no double bonds. • Unsaturated - one or more C=C bonds. Can accept more Hydrogens. • Double bonds cause “kinks” in the molecule’s shape.

  34. Question • Why do fats usually contain saturated fatty acids and oils usually contain unsaturated fatty acids? • The double bond pushes the molecules apart, lowering the density, which lowers the melting point.

  35. Fats • Differ in which fatty acids are used. • Used for energy storage, cushions for organs, insulation.

  36. Question ? • Which has more energy, a kg of fat or a kg of starch? • Fat - there are more C-H bonds which provide more energy per mass.

  37. Phospholipids • Similar to fats, but have only two fatty acids. • The third -OH of glycerol is joined to a phosphate containing molecule.

  38. Result • Phospholipids have a hydrophobic tail, but a hydrophilic head. • Self-assembles into micells or bilayers, an important part of cell membranes.

  39. Steroids • Lipids with four fused rings. • Differ in the functional groups attached to the rings. • Examples: • cholesterol • sex hormones

  40. Proteins • The molecular tools of the cell. • Made of C,H,O,N, and sometimes S. • No general formula.

  41. Uses Of Proteins • Structure • Enzymes • Antibodies • Transport • Movement • Receptors • Hormones

  42. Proteins • Polypeptide chains of Amino Acids linked by peptide bonds.

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