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Post-World War II Africa

Post-World War II Africa. Modern-Day Rwanda, South Africa, & Somalia. Post-WWII Africa. The Colonial Legacy Economics New African nations still depended on Europe Government & Education Europeans did not educate Africans in governance Limited education opportunities

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Post-World War II Africa

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  1. Post-World War II Africa Modern-Day Rwanda, South Africa, & Somalia

  2. Post-WWII Africa • The Colonial Legacy • Economics • New African nations still depended on Europe • Government & Education • Europeans did not educate Africans in governance • Limited education opportunities • Many nations fell to authoritarian governments • Health Care • Many remote areas have little access to modern healthcare • National Borders • Borders were drawn by European colonial powers

  3. Post-WWII Africa • Impact of World War II • Nationalism • Many returning soldiers did want accept being 2nd class citizens • Aversion to Fighting • Most European countries were not willing to fight to keep colonies

  4. Case Study I:The Rwandan Genocide

  5. What is Genocide? • Any act committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group • Killing members of the group • Imposing measures intended to prevent births within a group

  6. Rwanda Genocide • The Rwandan genocide was the systematic massacre of an estimated 800,000 people • Mostly Tutsi tribe members • Also includes moderate Hutus members • The massacre lasted approximately 100 days from April to mid-July, 1994

  7. Map of Rwanda

  8. Rwanda-History • 3 tribes of people that inhabit Rwanda • Twa, the original inhabitants • Hutus, migrated in 1000s • Tutsi, migrated in the 1300s

  9. Rwanda-History (Continued) • The Tutsis tribe of people gained a large dominance over the Hutus • By the late 1800s, Rwanda was totally controlled by the Tutsis • Government was controlled by a Tutsi King • Population was: • 75% Hutu • 20% Tutsi • 5% Twa

  10. European Contact • First Contact • British explorer Hanning Speke (1858) • Imperialism • Rwanda becomes part of German East Africa (1890) • Rwanda continues self-rule • Tutsis still control the country • World War I Effects • 1916 - Belgian forces occupy Rwanda (1916)

  11. Rwanda 1933 • Under Belgian Rule • Tutsis continue to control the country • Introduction to the Eugenics Movement • Tutsis were considered to have Caucasian ancestry (through lighter skin, larger skulls) and therefore were ‘superior’ to Hutus

  12. Rwanda 1933 (continued) • Eugenics Movement Effects • Creation of group classification on ID card • ID cards now stated if the individual was Twa, Hutu or Tutsi • Introduced a rigid racial concept of group identity • Belief of superior racial status • For Tutsis • Some exploited their power • For Hutus • Created resentment

  13. The ID Cards

  14. Civil Strife in the 1950s & 1960s • Hutus Look to Gain Power • Hutu Political Parties are formed • Call for a change in government (1957) • Civil War (1959) • Thousands of Tutsis including the King are forced into exile in Uganda • Hutus Gain Power • Rwanda proclaimed a republic (1961) • Hutu Gregoire Kayibanda named president (1962) • Many Tutsis leave the country

  15. Rwanda 1990-1993 • Invasion from Uganda by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (1990) • Mainly Tutsi refugees • Effects of the Invasion • New multi-party constitution (1991) • Power sharing agreement (1993) • Signals the end of civil war • UN sent to monitor the agreement

  16. Rwanda 1994 • In April 1994, the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi were killed in a suspicious plane crash • Civil war erupted on a massive scale • RPF launches a major offensive • Extremist Hutu militia and elements of the Rwandan military begin the systematic massacre of Tutsis

  17. Rwandan Statistics • Genocide lasts approx. 100 days • An estimated 800,000 people were killed • Total population of Rwanda was about 7 million • Many Tutsi women were systematically raped by HIV+ Hutu men • No outside government did anything to stop the genocide

  18. Post-Genocide Rwanda • Political Landscape • A new flag and national anthem are unveiled to try to promote national unity and reconciliation (2001) • RPF wins an absolute majority in government elections (2003) • Paul Kagame becomes first president • EU observers say poll was marred by irregularities and fraud. • RPF winslarge majority again in 2008 • President Kagame wins new term in elections (2010) • Presidential candidate against Kagame • Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza is arrested in 2010 • Bernard Ntaganda is sentenced for four years in jail in 2011

  19. Genocide Trials vs. Prisoner Release • Capturing Perpetrators • Hundreds have been arrested and tried for war crimes, terrorism, crimes against humanity, etc. • Includes priests, army officers, government officials • President Kagame has been accused • Overcrowding of Prisons • 36,000 prisoners released in 2005 • 8,000 released in 2007 • Most confessed to involvement in the genocide • Third phase of releases since 2003 • 60,000 suspects have been freed since 2003

  20. The Rwandan Economy • Economic Partners • Major exports to Belgium, Germany & China • Investment and trade agreement with Belgium • The government has promoted economic development • Shows signs of development • The major exports are coffee and tea • Coffee makes up more than 50% of the total export

  21. Case Study II: South Africa

  22. Geography of South Africa

  23. Important Cities of South Africa

  24. Provinces of South Africa

  25. History of South AfricaPre-European Contact • Remains exist from about three million years ago • Contains some of the oldest archaeological sites in the world • The earliest ironworks are believed to date from around 1050 • Humans have inhabited for more than 100,000 years. • The two major historic groups were the Xhosa and Zulu

  26. History of South AfricaEarly contact with Europeans • 1487 • Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias • First European in southern Africa. • He named the cape “Cape of Storms” • King John II renamed it “Cape of Good Hope”

  27. History of South AfricaEarly contact with Europeans • 1652 • Jan van Riebeeck • Represented the Dutch East India Company • Founded the Cape Colony • Would become Cape Town

  28. History of South Africa (cont) • Early Role of Cape Town • Colonists use slaves from Indonesia, Madagascar, and India • Discovery of resources • Diamonds and gold • Encouraged economic growth and immigration • Started the Anglo-Boer War • Boers and the British fought for control

  29. History of South AfricaBritish Control • Cape Town became a British colony in 1806 • European settlement expanded during the 1820s • Early 1800s • Shaka Zulu founds and expands the Zulu empire, creates a formidable fighting force

  30. The Great Trek • 1835-1840 • Boers leave Cape Colony • Establish the Orange Free State and the Transvaal • This intensified the struggle to control economic resources • Competition between natives, Boers, and British

  31. The Boer Wars • The Boer fought the British throughout the late 1800s • Boers used guerrilla warfare tactics • The British ultimately won • Formation of Union of South Africa (1910) • Dominion of the British Empire

  32. British Rule of South Africa • The Natives' Land Act of 1913 severely restricted the ownership of land by blacks • Statute of Westminster (1931) • Effectively granted independence

  33. Apartheid becomes Law • Election of 1948 • The National Party was elected to power • The legislature passed legally institutionalized segregation, later known as apartheid • System of segregation • The white minority controlled the vastly larger black majority • Classified all peoples into three races • White, Colored, Black • Developed rights and limitations for each • i.e. residential restrictions

  34. Anti-Apartheid Movement • ANC responds to apartheid • Led by Nelson Mandela • Uses tactics such as civil disobedience and sabotage • 1964 - ANC leader Nelson Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment

  35. Views of Apartheid • Opposition to Apartheid • Within the country • Colored and Blacks • The African National Congress (ANC) • Outside the country • International sanctions • Boycotts of doing business with South Africa • Excluded from 1960 Olympic Games • Government still continued apartheid • Harshly oppressed resistance movements • Violence became widespread

  36. South Africa in the 1970s • Military Spending Increased • Began nuclear weapon development • Social Unrest Continued • Hundreds were killed in various protests

  37. South Africa in the 1980s • Military Spending • Produced six nuclear weapons • Social Unrest Eases • President FW de Klerk meets Mandela (1989) • Public facilities desegregated • Many ANC activists freed

  38. South Africa in the 1990s • End of Apartheid • Ban on political organizations (including ANC) was lifted • Released Nelson Mandela from prison after twenty-seven years • Repealed apartheid legislation • Destroyed its nuclear arsenal

  39. Free Elections • First universal elections in 1994 • ANC won by an overwhelming majority • Mandela elected President • ANC has been in power ever since

  40. Attacking Apartheid • Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1996) • Led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu • Brands apartheid a crime against humanity • Also finds the ANC accountable for human rights abuses

  41. Modern South Africa • Major Developments against AIDS • 2001 • South Africa wins court battle to import generic AIDS drugs • Gov’t must give AIDS drugs to pregnant women to prevent transmission to their babies • 2002 • Gov’t must provide anti-AIDs drug at all public hospitals • 2003 • Government approves program to provide anti-AIDS medicine via public health system. • Drug-distribution centers and preventative programs

  42. Modern South Africa • Economic Conditions since Apartheid • Economy had steady growth • However unemployment has grown • Recession in 2009 first time since mid 1990s

  43. Modern South Africa • Social Conditions since Apartheid • S. Africa becomes the fifth in the world to allow same-sex unions (2006) • President Mbeki urges to bring corrupt officials to justice (2007) • Wave of violence directed at foreigners (2008) • Poor living conditions lead to violent protests (2009) • South Africa hosts the World Cup tournament (2010)

  44. Case Study III:Somalia

  45. Where is Somalia?

  46. History of Somalia • Imperialist Age of 1800s • Egypt, France, England & Italy all claim parts of Somalia • Late 1800s • Protectorate of Italy • Post-World War II • Protectorate of Great Britain • 1960 • Achieved independence • 1970s • Military dictatorship • Under Mohamed Siad Barre

  47. Somalia under Barre • Declares Somalia a socialist state in 1970 • Joins the Arab League in 1974 • Invades Ethiopia in 1977 • Ousted in 1991

  48. Somali Civil War – 1991 • Somali Civil War • Strategic importance was diminished due to end of the Cold War • Disrupted agriculture, food & water distribution • Based on clan allegiances and competition for resources

  49. Somali Civil War – 1991 • More Results • Famine – approx. 300,000 dead • UN authorized a limited peacekeeping operation • Completely disregarded by the warring factions

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