Functional Neuroanatomy: The nervous system and behaviour

1. Functional Neuroanatomy: The nervous system and behaviour Chapter 2

2. Neuroanatomical methods • nissl • myelin • golgi • autoradiography • Immunohistochemistry • In vivo imaging

3. Examples of Nissl stains

4. Example of fibre stain(gold chloride)

5. Example of Golgi method

6. Example of autoradiography

7. Example of immunohistochemistry Arc-positive cells after varying amounts of sleep deprivation

8. Imaging brain structure

9. Imaging activity

10. Types of cells in the nervous system • Neurons • The main information processors • Glia • Important supporting roles

11. Types of glial cells • Astrocytes • support, nurturance

12. Oligodendroglia or Schwann cells • insulation

13. Oligodendroglia or Schwann cells • insulation

14. Microglia • Represent the immune system in the brain (protect from invasion, clean up debris)

15. Basic structure of the neuron • cell body • nucleus • dendrite • axon • myelin • boutons

16. Categorization of neurons • by shape • multipolar, unipolar, bipolar

18. Categorization of neurons • by shape • multipolar, unipolar, bipolar • by size • large (pyramidal, eg) • small (granule, eg)

20. Categorization of neurons • by shape • multipolar, unipolar, bipolar • by size • large (pyramidal, eg) • small (granule, eg) • by function • sensory neuron • motor neuron • interneuron

21. The basics of the synapse • Neurons communicate at synapses • synapses can be chemical or electrical, but chemical synapses are more common

22. Synaptic terminology Boutons, cleft, dendritic spines, postsynaptic membrane, vesicles, transmitter, receptors

23. Axonal transport • Anterograde vs retrograde • microtubules and neurofilaments

24. Anterograde vs retrograde axonal transport

26. Information flow Terminology: Afferents and efferents convergence (many:one) and divergence (one:many) nuclei (containers of DNA) and nuclei (collections of neurons)

27. Neuroanatomical terms and conventions

28. Neuroanatomical directions • Rostral vs. caudal • Dorsal vs. ventral • Medial vs. lateral • Superior vs. inferior

29. Terminology: Central nervous system (CNS) vs Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

30. Meninges • Dura mater (tough mother) • arachnoid • pia mater

31. The very thing

32. Major divisions of the brain

33. Lobes of cerebral cortex Sulci and gyri maximize surface area

34. Cytoarchitecture

35. Brodmann’s areas

36. The limbic system

37. Basal ganglia

38. Midline structures of the brain

39. Diencephalon • Thalamus • A large mosaic of nuclei which contribute to sensory and motor processing (you’ll meet several of the nuclei later in the course when we look at systems). • Hypothalamus • Located just inferior to the thalamus • A collection of nuclei involved in motivated behaviour (feeding, drinking, sexual behaviour)

40. Mesencephalon (midbrain) • Tectum (roof) • Superior and inferior colliculi • Tegmentum (floor) • Some reticular nuclei and cerebellar relay nuclei • Also contains substantia nigra and crus cerebri

41. Metencephalon • Cerebellum • A ‘mini’ brain for computing skilled movements and many other things • Pons • Many cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei, long tracts

42. Metencephalon • Pons (contains cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei)

43. Metencephalon • Cerebellum • Many fine folds (folia) increase surface area • Very large # of cells with very tight organization

44. Myelencephalon (medulla) • Some nuclei related to breathing, heart rate (so-called vegetative functions) • Long tracts

45. Another view of the brainstem

46. Spinal cord

47. Autonomic nervous system

48. Ventricular system

49. Blood supply