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Functional Neuroanatomy

Functional Neuroanatomy. Basic functions of major areas. Motor Cortex. Frontal lobe Primary motor cortex Execute motor command Precentral gyrus BA 4. Motor Cortex. Primary motor. Motor Cortex. Primary motor. Motor Cortex. Frontal lobe Primary motor cortex Execute motor command

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Functional Neuroanatomy

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  1. Functional Neuroanatomy • Basic functions of major areas

  2. Motor Cortex • Frontal lobe • Primary motor cortex • Execute motor command • Precentralgyrus • BA 4

  3. Motor Cortex Primary motor

  4. Motor Cortex Primary motor

  5. Motor Cortex • Frontal lobe • Primary motor cortex • Execute motor command • Precentralgyrus • BA 4 • Supplementary motor cortex • Select/plan movement generated internally • Anterior to primary motor cortex • Dorsal lateral and medial portion of BA 6

  6. Motor Cortex Primary motor Supplementary motor

  7. Motor Cortex Primary motor Supplementary motor

  8. Motor Cortex • Premotor cortex • Select/plan movement in response to external stimulus • Inferior to supplementary cortex • Lateral portion of BA 6

  9. Motor Cortex Primary motor Supplementary motor Premotor

  10. Somatosensory Cortex • Represents information about pressure, temperature, and proprioception • Parietal lobe • Postcentralgyrus • BAs 1, 2, & 3

  11. Somatosensory Cortex Primary motor Somatosensory Supplementary motor Premotor

  12. Somatosensory Cortex Primary motor Somatosensory Supplementary motor

  13. Topographic Map • Wilder Penfield in 1950s • Electrical stimulation of cortex during brain surgery • Patient is awake and conscious • Can report experience

  14. Somatosensory Cortex

  15. Primary Motor Cortex

  16. Similar Topography

  17. Visual Cortex • Occipital lobe • Primary visual cortex (V1) • Encodes basic visual features • e.g., luminance, spatial frequency, orientation • Striate (striped) cortex • BA 17

  18. Visual Cortex Somatosensory Primary motor Supplementary motor Premotor Primary visual

  19. Visual Cortex Primary motor Somatosensory Supplementary motor Primary visual

  20. Visual Cortex

  21. Calcarine Fissure Calcarine fissure

  22. Striate Cortex

  23. Visual Cortex • Occipital lobe • Primary visual cortex (V1) • Encodes basic visual features • e.g., luminance, spatial frequency, orientation • Striate (striped) cortex • BA 17 • Extrastriate cortex • Begins putting features together • BAs 18 & 19

  24. Visual Cortex Somatosensory Primary motor Supplementary motor Premotor Extrastriate Primary visual

  25. Visual Cortex Primary motor Somatosensory Supplementary motor Extrastriate Primary visual Extrastriate

  26. Visual Cortex BA 17 BA 18 BA 19

  27. Auditory Cortex • Represents sound information • Superior temporal lobe • Within Sylvian fissure Primary auditory

  28. Auditory Cortex • Represents sound information • Superior temporal lobe • Within Sylvian fissure • BAs 41 & 42

  29. Auditory Cortex Somatosensory Primary motor Supplementary motor Premotor Extrastriate Primary visual Primary auditory

  30. Gustatory Cortex • Represents taste information • Posterior insula • BA 43

  31. Gustatory Cortex Primary motor Somatosensory Supplementary motor Premotor Extrastriate Primary visual Primary gustatory Primary auditory

  32. Gustatory Cortex Primary gustatory

  33. Taste and Sound • Crisinel and Spence (2010) • Sweet and sour tastes associated with high-pitched notes • Umami (savory) and bitter tastes associated with low-pitched notes • Crisinelet al. (2012) • Cinder toffee tastes more sweet during high-pitched soundtrack and more bitter during low-pitched soundtrack

  34. Olfactory Cortex Olfactory bulb

  35. Olfactory Cortex Primary olfactory cortex

  36. Sensory and Motor Cortex

  37. Association Cortex • Not sensory or motor • Receive inputs from many areas • Contains cells that may be activated by more than one sensory modality • Specific functional roles not exclusively sensory or motor

  38. Association Cortex

  39. Limbic System Cingulate gyrus Parahippocampus Orbitofrontal cortex

  40. Limbic System • Thalamus • “Gateway to cortex” • Sensory information makes synaptic relays in thalamus before going to primary receiving areas (not olfaction) • Hippocampus • Learning and memory • Amygdala • Emotion • Fear

  41. Limbic System • Hypothalamus • Controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, circadian rhythms • Olfactory bulbs • Receive smell information • Orbitofrontal cortex • Secondary olfactory cortex • Parahippocampalgyrus • Cingulate cortex

  42. Limbic System • Basal ganglia

  43. Limbic System • Basal ganglia • Motor (behavioral) control • Initiate/inhibit movement

  44. Cerebellum

  45. Cerebellum

  46. Cerebellum

  47. Cerebellum • Maintains posture, walking, and coordinated movements • Combines information from motor and sensory inputs describing body position • Does not control movement directly, but allows smooth, coordinated movements

  48. Cerebellum Volume • Not strongly related to brain size • Varied across different species • Some rodents (e.g., squirrels), some large-brained birds (e.g., crows, parrots, woodpeckers), elephants, and some primates (e.g., apes, humans) have enlarged cerebella • Associated with complex forelimb control

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