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Immunity

Immunity. Function of immune system ? To protect the body against infection.Antigen ? Any molecule that the body recognizes as non-self that causes an immune response. . Three Lines of Defense. Surface barriersInnate immunity non-specificAdaptive immunity specific . White Blood Cells. Form in bone marrowParticipate in adaptive and innate responsesRelease cytokines and other cell-to-cell signaling molecules.

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Immunity

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    1. Immunity Chapter 23

    2. Immunity Function of immune system – To protect the body against infection. Antigen – Any molecule that the body recognizes as non-self that causes an immune response.

    3. Three Lines of Defense Surface barriers Innate immunity non-specific Adaptive immunity specific

    4. White Blood Cells Form in bone marrow Participate in adaptive and innate responses Release cytokines and other cell-to-cell signaling molecules

    6. White Blood Cells

    9. Surface Barriers Physical barriers – Skin cells are packed closely together Mechanical barriers – Coughing response propels bacteria out of lungs Chemical barriers – Lysozyme in mucus breaks bacterial cell walls

    10. Innate Immune Response Phagocytosis Complement Fever Inflammation

    11. Complement Activated by binding to antigen Triggers reactions that activate more complement Attracts Phagocytic cells

    12. Acute Inflammation Response to foreign invasion or tissue damage Destroys invaders and removes debris Symptoms are: Inflammation, pain, fever

    13. Fever Temperature up to 39°C (102°F) Enhances immunity - increases rates of enzyme and phagocyte activity Accelerates tissue repair

    14. Features of Adaptive Immunity Self/nonself recognition MHC markers Specific Has memory Two branches: -Antibody-mediated response -Cell-mediated response

    15. Key Components of Adaptive Immune Response MHC markers Antigen-presenting cells B cells T cells

    16. Antigen Interception

    17. Formation of Antigen–MHC Complex

    18. T and B Cell Activation When a B or T cell is stimulated by antigen, it produces 2 cell types Memory cells: Effector cells:

    19. B Cells Antibodies Made by B cells Bind to one specific antigen Mark antigen for destruction by phagocytes and complement proteins

    20. Antibody Structure Consists of four polypeptide chains End of each antibody varies:

    21. Antibody-Mediated Response

    26. Immunization Process that induces immunity Active immunization: Vaccination with antigen Long-lasting immunity Passive immunization: Purified antibody is injected Protection is short lived

    27. Allergies Immune reaction to harmless proteins (allergens) IgE (Antibody) binds to mast cells, causing inflammatory response Histamine release causes symptoms

    28. Anaphylactic Shock Life-threatening allergic reaction Caused by histamine released by many mast cells Results in Vasodilation, Bronchoconstriction Blood pressure drops as fluid leaks out of capillaries

    29. Autoimmune Disorders Failure of immune system to distinguish between self and nonself produces antibodies against self Graves’ disease Multiple sclerosis

    30. Deficient Immune Responses Primary immune deficiencies Present from birth Secondary immune deficiencies Acquired by exposure to agent such as HIV

    31. HIV Infection HIV infects immune system cells Macrophages, dendritic cells, helper T cells T cells are killed Cytokine IL-4 is released (IgE instead of IgG) Immune system destroys itself Secondary infections and tumors cause death AIDS – combination of disorders after HIV infection

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