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How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways

Learn about the energy-releasing pathways in cellular respiration, including aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation. Explore the stages of aerobic respiration, such as glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Discover the differences between anaerobic respiration and fermentation.

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How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways

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  1. How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways

  2. Cellular respiration • Aerobic respiration • Requires molecular oxygen • Includes redox reactions • Anaerobic • Anaerobic respiration • Fermentation • Do not require oxygen • All exergonic

  3. Four stages of aerobic respiration • Takes place in the cytosol • Glycolysis • Takes place in the mitochondrion • Formation of acetyl CoA • Citric acid cycle • Electron transport chain/chemiosmosis

  4. Four stages of aerobic respiration

  5. Summary of aerobic respiration

  6. Glycolysis • “Sugar splitting” • Does not require oxygen • Divided into two major phases • Energy investment phase • Energy capture phase • Each glucose molecule produces net yield of two NADH molecules and two ATP molecules

  7. Glycolysis

  8. Glycolysis: energy investment phase

  9. Glycolysis: energy capture phase

  10. Formation of acetyl CoA • Catalyzed by enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase • First carboxyl group is split off as carbon dioxide • Then remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized and electrons transferred to NAD+ • Finally, oxidized two-carbon group is attached to coenzyme A

  11. Formationof acetyl CoA

  12. Citric acid cycle • For every glucose, two acetyl groups enter the citric acid cycle • Each two-carbon acetyl group combines with a four-carbon compound • Two CO2 molecules are removed • Energy captured as one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 per acetyl group

  13. Citric acid cycle

  14. Detail ofcitric acid cycle

  15. Electron transport chain • Series of electron carriers • Each carrier exists in oxidized or reduced form • Electrons pass down the electron transport chain in series of redox reactions • Lose energy as pass along the chain

  16. Electron transport chain

  17. Accumulationof protons withinthe inter-membranespace

  18. Electron transport and chemiosmosis

  19. Energyyield fromcompleteoxidation ofglucose byaerobicrespiration

  20. Many organisms depend on nutrients other than glucose • Products of protein and lipid catabolism enter same metabolic pathways as glucose • Amino acids are deaminated

  21. Energyfrom carbohydrates,proteins, and fats

  22. Anaerobic respiration versus fermentation • Anaerobic respiration • Electrons transferred from fuel molecules to electron transport chain • Final electron acceptor is inorganic substance • Fermentation • Anaerobic process that does not use electron transport chain

  23. Comparison of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation

  24. Fermentation

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