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Latin America: Revolution and Reaction

Explore the history of Latin America from the 20th century to the present day, examining revolutionary movements, political reforms, military interventions, and the challenges of globalization. Discover the struggles and transformations that have shaped the region.

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Latin America: Revolution and Reaction

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  1. 32 Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

  2. Latin America: Into the 21st Century • Latin America After World War II • Radical Options in the 1950s • The Search for Reform and the Military Option • Societies in Search of Change

  3. Latin America: Into the 21st Century

  4. Latin America After World War II • Mexico and the PRI • Party of the Institutionalized Republic • economic growth paramount • Zapatistas • Chiapas • NAFTA • 2000 national election • PRI out

  5. Radical Options in the 1950s • Venezuela, Costa Rica • reforms • open elections • Marxist options • Bolivia • mix of radicalism and reaction

  6. Guatemala: Reform and U.S. Intervention • Economic disparities • High mortality rate • Coffee, banana export • Labor coalition • Juan José Arevalo elected, 1944 • begins land reform • Foreign interests • e.g. United Fruit Company

  7. Guatemala: Reform and U.S. Intervention • 1951 elections • Jacobo Arbenz elected • more radical land reform • U.S. steps in • overthrown with CIA help • Reform ends

  8. The Cuban Revolution: Socialism in the Caribbean • American influence following Spanish rule • Sugar export • Fulgencio Batista, 1934-1944 • military reformer • 1940, new constitution • Fidel Castro • 1953, attempted revolution

  9. The Cuban Revolution: Socialism in the Caribbean • Che Guevara • helps Castro, 1956 • student, labor support • 1958, Batista out • 1961, breaks relations with Cuba • 1962, threat of nuclear war • Continuing Soviet aid

  10. The Search for Reform and the Military Option • Continuity • Mexico, one-party system • Venezuela, Chile • Christian Democratic • Liberation Theology

  11. Out of the Barracks:Soldiers Take Power • Military intervenes in politics, 1960s • often U.S.-backed • Brazil • military takes over, 1964 • Argentina • military coup, 1966

  12. Out of the Barracks:Soldiers Take Power • Chile • Salvador Allende, socialist • overthrown by military, 1973 • Uruguay, 1973 • Peru, 1968

  13. Out of the Barracks:Soldiers Take Power • Conditions • workers hard-hit • continuing structural problems • repression, torture

  14. The New Democratic Trends • Cold war pressures eased in mid-80s • Argentina • elections, 1983 • Brazil • presidential elections, 1989 • Peru • Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), 1990s • leftist guerillas

  15. The New Democratic Trends • El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala • truces between governments, rebels • Panama • U.S. invades

  16. The United States and Latin America: Continuing Presence • American investors • Intervention • pre-1933, 30 times • Good Neighbor Policy, 1933 • Franklin D. Roosevelt

  17. The United States and Latin America: Continuing Presence • Cold War • new involvement • more indirect involvement • Alliance for Progress, 1961 • Jimmy Carter • civil liberties • Ronald Reagan, George Bush • more direct intervention

  18. U.S. Military Interventions1898-2000

  19. Societies in Search of Change • Slow Change in Women's Roles • Vote • Ecuador, 1929 • some only in 1950s • Significant progress by mid-80s

  20. The Movement of People • Mortality down, fertility up • Urban growth • Mexico City, São Paolo, 1999 • 18 million • shantytowns

  21. Cultural Reflections of Despair and Hope • Popular culture • strong blend • Jorge Luis Borges • Gabriel García Marquez

  22. Global Connections: Struggling Toward the Future in a Global Economy • Search for economic, political, social solutions • Only Mexico and Cuba try revolution • Bolivia, Peru, Nicaragua try other means of radical change • Globalization • More uneven distribution of wealth • Cultural homogenization • Move to the left politically

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