Essential Vocabulary 1 Chapt 7, Sect 1

1. Essential Vocabulary 1 Chapt 7, Sect 1 • First Continental Congress • Minutemen • Battle of Lexington & Concord (pg 185) • Redcoats • Second Continental Congress • Continental Army • George Washington • Olive Branch Petition • Battle of Bunker Hill

2. Essential Vocabulary 2 Chapt 7 Sects 2 & 3 • Thomas Paine • Common Sense • Enlightenment (Review) • John Locke (Review) • Montesquieu (Review) • Thomas Jefferson • Declaration of Independence • Unalienable Rights • King George III of England • Patriots • Loyalists • Patrick Henry • Mercenaries • Molly Pitcher

3. Essential Vocabulary 3Chapt 7, Sects 4 & 5 • Battle of Trenton • Battle of Saratoga • Marquis de Lafayette • Valley Forge (pg 206) • Friedrick von Steuben • Guerrilla Warfare • Francis Marion • Battle of Yorktown • Treaty of Paris of 1783 • General Cornwallis-a commander of the British army during American Revolution who surrendered to Washington at Yorktown

4. Chapter 7, Section 1 • Review: Why were the British in so much debt in the Americas? • As a result of that debt, what laws were the British passing that angered the colonists? • Who were some of the leaders of the colonists?

5. First Continental Congress& Shot Heard Round the World • First Continental met in Philadelphia • All colonies represented except Georgia • Recommended colonist continue to boycott British goods • Review: Define Boycott • Colonists got their militias ready • Define Militia • Example of a militia: Minutemen- militia in Boston-ready to fight on minute’s notice • Sons of Liberty and Paul Revere send word to Concord, Massachusetts that British troops (Redcoats-for their uniforms) marching toward them • Colonists’ militia and British Redcoats fought • Redcoats continued to Boston but retreated when militia met them there • 250 Redcoats died that day • Fewer than 100 colonists died • Colonists have to decide what to do next

6. Second Continental Congress • Originally colonists were not going to try to break away from England • However, colonists would form an army: Continental Army • Chose George Washington to lead the army • Signed the Olive Branch Petition: an offer of peace to King George III of England • George rejected the peace offer • Last try to keep the peace • FIGHTING FOLLOWS! • Early Battles • Fort Ticonderoga-New York-colonists win a supply of weapons • Battle of Bunker Hill: Massachusetts near Breed’s Hill: • colonists ran out of ammunition and had to retreat • but not until after killing 1000 Redcoats to just 400 colonists deaths • Important because Colonists know they can defeat the British! • British gain new respect for colonists

7. Section 2-Declaring Independence • Thomas Payne writes Common Sense • Written in a style that most colonists could understand • Argues that America should break away from England • Argues in favor of the Social Contract • Review: Define Social Contract • What political movement advocated the Social Contract • Who were some of the leaders of that movement?

8. Declaration of Independence • Thomas Jefferson primary author • Used the ideas of John Lock • Man has three natural rights (or unalienable rights): life, liberty and pursuit of Happiness • If government violates these rights, the people have the right and duty to overthrow their government • Jefferson listed many ways that the king of England had violated the colonists’ unalienable rights • Declared independence for American colonies

9. Colonists must choose sidesAmerica or Great Britain • Patriots: those loyal to America and the colonists • Loyalists: those who remain loyal to Great Britain • Many loyalists flee to Canada • Review: why Canada? • Other reactions to the Declaration of Independence • Abigail Adams unhappy the document ignored the rights of women • Some upset the document ignored African slaves • New England colonies starting to outlaw slavery: • Massachusetts in 1783 • By 1784 rest of New England colonies ended slavery • Review: List the New England colonies

10. Section 3: Dark Hours for the RevolutionGreat Britain is winning • Why does it make sense that England won many battles? • What did the colonists have in their favor?

11. A Call to Arms: The Continental Army • Review: Who led the Continental Army? • What was the nickname of Britain’s army? • Can Slaves join the army? • Colonists decided not to allow slaves to fight in army • British reacted by guaranteeing freedom to any slaves who fought for Great Britain • Colonists responded by allowing free Africans to join • Who else helps the colonists? • Some native tribes help • Some women aid the soldiers (Example: Molly Pitcher) • Later some other European nations will send help…

12. Section 4-The Beginning of the War • Review: At what battle did the Americans gain some hope that they could defeat the British? • However, began losing battles at Quebec -leading colonists to forever give up hopes of taking British Canada • In New York, George Washington was driven out of New York • But the tide turns…at New Jersey • Battle of Trenton-Washington defeated British mercenaries (men from another country hired to fight-in this case it was Germans hired to fight the patriots) • Battle of Princeton-another victory for the Patriots

13. Turning point at Saratoga • Patriots defeat British again- • major turning point in the war • Boosted the morale of the Patriots • Increased Foreign support for Patriots • Foreign Allies come to help the Americans • They were England’s enemies and wanted to see one of her colonies become independent • France sends Marquis de Lafayette • Poland sends two engineers-Tadeusz Kosciuszko and Kazimierz Pulaski—they bring much needed military strategy • Spain’s governor of Spanish Louisiana aids Patriots

14. Winter at Valley Forge • Continental Army running low on supplies • Washington’s army spent the winter of 1777-78 at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania • More than 1/5 of his men died of disease and malnutrition • Luckily for Washington a German mercenary helped the army gain skills and morale for the rest of the war

15. Losses in the South • Savannah fell to the British • Charleston fell to the British • General Gates, famous general from Saratoga, was attacked at Camden, SC • His troops, tired and hungry, fell under British pressure • The only way for the South to fight the British in the south was guerilla warfare: quick, hit and run fightingerilla warfare • Francis Marion was a great leader at surprise attacks

16. Tide turns again: victory for patriots at Yorktown! • The British were winning in 1781 • British General Cornwallis moved in for the kill in Virginia • Washington worked with the French and surrounded Cornwallis at Yorktown • French Navy took Chesapeake Bay • Washington’s troops surrounded Yorktown • Washington laid siege to the town • After weeks of siege, British surrender

17. Treaty of Paris of 1783 ends the war • American delegation led by Benjamin Franklin and John Adams • After two years of negotiation, American delegates and British come to agreement to end war • Treaty of Paris of 1783 • New national borders: • North: Great Lakes • West: Mississippi River • South: 31 Parallel • Americans could settle and trade west of the original 13 colonies