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Making Decisions Based on the Preferences of Multiple Agents

Making Decisions Based on the Preferences of Multiple Agents. By Vincent Conitzer C ommunications of the ACM | March 2010 | vol. 53 | no. 3 指導教授 : 林娟娟 教授 報告者 :01356008 謝孝鴻、 01356014 林健富. 電腦學家深入研究的 4 個原因 . 網 絡提供了一個新 的溝通平台 越來越多需要決定優先權的決策 更強的電腦計算能力和演算法 以電腦科學的觀點,解決一些經濟及相關學科的問題. 討論.

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Making Decisions Based on the Preferences of Multiple Agents

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  1. Making DecisionsBased on the Preferencesof Multiple Agents By Vincent Conitzer Communications of the ACM | March 2010 | vol. 53 | no. 3 指導教授:林娟娟教授 報告者:01356008謝孝鴻、01356014林健富

  2. 電腦學家深入研究的4個原因 • 網絡提供了一個新的溝通平台 • 越來越多需要決定優先權的決策 • 更強的電腦計算能力和演算法 • 以電腦科學的觀點,解決一些經濟及相關學科的問題

  3. 討論 Settings Without Payments • 投票和排名 • 任務和資源分配 • 換腎 Setting with Payments • 拍賣 • 慈善捐贈 • 預測市場

  4. 討論-Settings Without Payments 投票和排名 • 多數決(plurality) • 反多數決(anti-plurality) • Bordarule • Kemeny rule

  5. 討論-Settings Without Payments

  6. 討論-Settings Without Payments

  7. 討論-Settings Without Payments

  8. 討論-Settings Without Payments

  9. 討論-Settings Without Payments 任務和資源分配 • 利用投票的方式,來選出想要的選擇,雖然這種通用性是不錯。但在許多問題的設計中,它是不需要的,因為我們可以做一些有關代理人喜好的假設。 • 單調性假設 • 沒外部性的假設 • 合理的假設可以跳脫投票的模式,而且可以利用資源的分配來做出決定。

  10. 討論-Settings Without Payments 那我們要如何分配資源和任務呢? • One fairness criterion is envy-freeness • Pareto efficient

  11. 討論-Settings Without Payments 換腎 A-donor A-patient B-donor B-patient

  12. 討論-Settings Without Payments A-donor B-patient B-donor A-patient • Using matching algorithms • column generation • Branchand-price search

  13. Setting with payments • Quantify agents’ preferences • Payment 影響任務或資源分配 • Example:分租房子,分配租金及雜務 • Example:一人失業

  14. Autions and exchange • English auction • Dutch auction • Sealed-bid auction • Reverse auction • Combinatorial auction • Combinatorial reverse auction

  15. Bidding language • XOR language • {a, b, c}, a bidder could bid ({a}, 5) XOR ({b, c}, 10). This indicates that she values the bundle {a} at 5; the bundle {b, c} at 10; the bundle {a, b} at 5{a, b, c} at 10, since the highest-value listed bundle • choice of bidding language affects issues

  16. Charitable giving • One donor • Multiple donors • straightforward decision procedure • make a binding matching offer

  17. Indian Ocean tsunami • Hurricane Katrina

  18. Prediction markets • 對於未來市場的觀測,不能影響結果 的目標市場 • The security may trade at about $0.43 • An agent believes that the probability is 46% • 46% · $1 = $0.46

  19. Strategic Behavior: GameTheory and Mechanism Design • Anagent’s true preferences may be a ≻b ≻ c • 當發現無法競爭到a時 b ≻ a ≻ c

  20. Mechanism Design • A mechanism under which it isnever beneficial to lie • Gibbard-Satterthwaiteimpossibilitytheorem(vote) • Second-price sealed-bid auction • VCG mechanisms

  21. Automated mechanism design • VCG mechanisms • Falsenamemanipulation • Dynamic environments • sponsored search auctions

  22. 結論 • 本文章提出許多的想法,以及一個問題有各種不同選項,會有不同的結果。隨著電腦運算以及網路科技越來越強,將會有更好的機制及方法出現。

  23. 感謝您的聆聽

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