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The Chemistry of Life Part Two

The Chemistry of Life Part Two. Proteins. Elements C, H, O, N, S Types All proteins are long chains of amino acids. Changes in amino acid order create enormous variation. * Even more complexity arises when proteins fold and combine with other proteins. Functions

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The Chemistry of Life Part Two

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  1. The Chemistry of Life Part Two

  2. Proteins Elements • C, H, O, N, S Types • All proteins are long chains of amino acids. Changes in amino acid order create enormous variation.* Even more complexity arises when proteins fold and combine with other proteins. Functions • Part of the cell membrane (for transport, etc.) • Provide support and shape to cells • Hormones to send chemical messages • Speed chemical reactions (as enzymes) • Energy supply

  3. Proteins Carboxylic Acid Group Amino Group Monomer Amino acids act as monomers in protein synthesis. There are 20 standard amino acids. Side Chain Polymer Amino acids are added together. Because water is a byproduct, this is called dehydration synthesis or condensation. … Peptide Bond A molecule of water is removed from two amino acids to form a peptide bond

  4. Amino Acids (six of twenty) Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Methionine Isoleucine

  5. Twenty Standard Amino Acids

  6. A small protein (polypeptide)

  7. Nucleic Acids Elements • C, H, O, N, P Types • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • RNA (ribonucleic acid) Functions • Stores genetic blueprint as DNA • RNA is used as the blueprint for proteins base pairs Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine Sugar phosphate backbone

  8. Nucleic Acids Nitrogenous base Monomer Nucleotides are monomers made of 3 parts: phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base. The sugar is ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA. Phosphate group Sugar Polymer Nucleic acids form when many nucleotides join. Only certain pairings of bases occur: adenine (A) with thymine (T), cytosine (C) with guanine (G). In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil (U). As with amino acids, different combinations of nucleotides allows for enormous variety.

  9. Sugar-phosphate backbone Sugar-phosphate backbone base pairs Nucleic Acids To form a large DNA polymer, nucleotides join via dehydration synthesis Hydrogen bonds P – phosphate S – sugar (deoxyribose) A – Adenine T – Thymine C – Cytosine G – Guanine Base pair Nucleotide

  10. Part Two Answers: 1 – 10 • F – nucleic acids (& some lipids) have N (6) • T – proteins are used as an energy source (2) • T – “there are 20 standard amino acids” (3) • T – look at the six examples: one has S (4) • F – notice the general formula contains N (3) • F – proteins can range from a few amino acids to thousands. “A small protein” suggests that many proteins are larger (5) • T – amino acid monomers join to form protein polymers (3) • F – only DNA stores genetic information (6) • T – this is true for all monomers (3) • T – this is true for all monomers (8)

  11. Part Two Answers: 11 – 20 • F – enzymes are proteins (2) • T – all nucleotides have a phosphate group, sugar, & base; the sugar in RNA is ribose (7) • F – adenine does not pair with cytosine (7) • T – adenine pairs with thymine (7,8) • F – most hormones are proteins (or lipids) (2) • F – although proteins and lipids are found in membranes, nucleic acids are not (6) • F – U (i.e. uracil) is only in RNA, not DNA (7) • T – the “backbone” is phosphate and sugar; the “steps” are the nitrogenous bases (6,8) • T – polymers form from many monomers (3...) • F – RNA = ribonucleic acid (6)

  12. Answers: 1 – 2 x x x x x x (x) (x) x x x (x) x x x x x x cellulose, chitin glycogen, starch, polysaccharide fructose, glucose fatty acid, glycerol triglyceride amino acids polypeptide DNA, RNA nucleotide

  13. Answers: 4 B) carbohydrate A) lipid C) nucleic acid E) lipid D) carbohydrate F)protein

  14. Answers: 3 – 5 • Lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) are made from glycerol. • A) lipid (triglyceride) B) carbohydrate (disaccharide) C) nucleic acid D) carbohydrate (monosaccharide) E) lipid (steroid) F) protein • Saturated fatty acids have only C-C single bonds (saturated with H), which means they are straight and more likely to form solid fats. Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one C=C double bond, are bent, and tend to form oils.

  15. Answers: 6 • a) proteins b) lipids c) lipids d) carbohydrates e) proteins f) proteins g) carbohydrates h) nucleic acids i) nucleic acids j) lipids k) nucleic acids

  16. Answers: 7 – 11 • A monosaccharide (e.g. glucose) is a single monomer, whereas a disaccharide (e.g. sucrose) contains two monomers. • A phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil). • A C A G G T C G T A A C | | | | | | | | | | | | T G T C C A G C A T T G • Yes, because A is always paired with T. • 20 % A (same as T), 30% C, 30% G (all must add to 100%; C and G must be the same).

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