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Chapter 1

An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein. Chapter 1. Thinking Geographically. PPT by Abe Goldman. INTRO: 2 forces now pulling in different directions in HG:. Globalization: Becoming more the same/similar

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Chapter 1

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  1. An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein Chapter 1 Thinking Geographically PPT by Abe Goldman

  2. INTRO: 2 forces now pulling in different directions in HG: Globalization: • Becoming more the same/similar • Economic interactions: banks w/ world-wide markets, businesses w/ factories throughout world • EX: McD’s everywhere…Same cars…same gas stations…blue jeans thru world; more similar foods thru world, espec. in large cities Diversity: Localization • Going “back to cultural roots” • Saving culture: lang., relig., customs, more “ethnic” music, etc.

  3. What is “geography? • geo = earth graphy = to write • 2 ?'s geographers ask: 1) Where? 2) Why? 2 main areas of geogr.:physical & human • physical: natural forces…climates, landforms, etc. • human: human activities…relig., lang., ways we make a living, cities, etc see   w/in human, 2 main areas: 1) culture 2) economy • 1st 1/2 of book = culture info • 2nd 1/2 = economy info Primary geographic tool: Maps Main things geographers consider: space place regions scale connections

  4. Areas of study in Geography: Geography (Ch. 1: Basic Geog. Info-both areas) 1. Human Geog. 2. Physical Geog. a. Cultural b. Economic Geog.Geog. The CULTURAL LANDSCAPE: What does this mean? What is the PHYSICAL landscape? NOTE: WHAT is the title of your textbook?

  5. KEY ISSUE 1: Maps & contemporary tools: I. Maps: science of mapmaking = cartography Map = 2-D or flat-scale model of some of part of the Earth 2 main purposes of maps: a) storing reference info EX: How to get from here to there…or …Where is Zimbabwe?) b) communications tool EX: show migration or spread of disease) A. Early & contemporary mapmaking; -maps = geographers’ most important tool (more than 200 in your book!) earliest maps = Babylonian clay tablets (2300 BCE) -ppl used lots of stuff to make maps: stick, palms, seashells -Greeks: 1st geog. bk. prob. Hecateus (500 BCE) Aristotle (300's BCE) 1st to show Earth = sphere:b/c … a) things fall toward common center b) Earth's shadow on Moon = circle in eclipse c) stars change as go N to S

  6. Eratosthenes (200's BCE) -1st to use "geography" -accept Earth is a sphere, -calculate Earth's circumference (was close…) -divide Earth into 5 climatic regions Romans: Ptolemy (100's CE) wrote Guide to Geog. (8-vol.) -he established “maps” & ways to make maps that lasted for about 1000 years ------------------------------- After Romans, world "became" flat for Europeans --Asians (Chinese & Muslims) kept improving European Age of Explor. & Discovery( 1400-1600's) Ptolemy was rediscovered -ppl needed more accurate maps to protect ships… -G. Mercator (1500's) & others kept improving maps

  7. Maps of the Marshall Islands Fig. 1-2: A Polynesian “stick chart” depicts patterns of waves on the sea route between two South Pacific islands. Modern maps show the locations of these Marshall Islands.

  8. Map Scale: How much does it show? 5 streets? City? County? Country? Or...Continent? Locally or local scale: large scale; see unique aspects Globally or global scale: small scale; can see similarities Show map scale 3 ways: • fraction (1/24,000) or ratio (1:24,000) • Graphic bar scale (see p. 10, fig. 3) • written statement (“1 inch equals 1 mi.) -left = distance on map -right = dist. on the Earth **NOTE: large scale = small area small scale = large area; the smaller the scale the less detail is given (see slide)

  9. Scale Differences: Maps of Florida The effects of scale in maps of Florida. (Scales from 1:10 million to 1:10,000) NOTE: Large SCALE = small area… Small scale = LARGE AREA

  10. Types of maps & info on maps: • physical maps: show landforms of an area • Use colors to show relief—  difference levels in land elevations -green usually = lo elevations -orange or brown = hi elevations • Topographical: Presents horizontal & vertical positions of features represented  -shows relief in measurable form. -Uses contour lines (isolines) to show the shape & elevation of an area (shape of the Earth’s surface) -Lines close together indicate steep terrain -Lines far apart indicate flat terrain. EX:?

  11. Types of Maps Political maps: show places divided by states (aka “countries”), cities, counties, etc.  -usually show rivers, major lakes, oceans, etc., elevations….capital cities show w/ star Economic maps: type of thematic map that shows natural resources in areas and/or ways that people make a living; legends may show mines, factories, power plants, etc. NOTE: the economy of a country is the way the money is earned, used, spent, controlled, issued, invested, etc.

  12. Thematic Maps: Provides info on a single topic (population, rainfall…) • Using Thematic Maps: shows comparison of statistical data, like population or income -can view facts about places by comparing the patterns of shaded areas or colors on the map. Chloropleth maps(4-H/Ohio .. Afr.savannahs) (Gk.: for “place” + “value or magnitude”): Thematic map w/ areas colored, shaded, dotted, or hatched so have darker/lighter areas in proportion to density of whatever aspect U R are looking -show amt. of some “phenomenon” (some event or thing which occurs) like ratios, %, etc., using these colors

  13. Cartogram here shows GDP (gross domestic product) thru world Cartogram: Shows some quantity or value by shape or size of a region Reference Maps- Tool to view boundaries of census  geographies, cities, counties, cities/towns, urban areas,congressionaldistricts, census tracts, census blocks, & more. • Note: some of these terms overlap

  14. Map Projections: Scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map; since map is 2-D (flat) showing 3-D info, can distort info -small area maps (Gwd, SC, etc.) = v. little distortion, but if you have a very large area (EX: the entire Earth) gets much more distortion --more area shown, the more the distortion 4 types of distortion: shape distance relative size direction In this book, most = equal-area projections, so most land masses shown as really are; only as get to N & S poles is there much distortion -Why do these not matter as much as the other areas? -but do have interruptions (E & W hemisph. in 2 pieces) & meridians don't converge at poles as do on a globe

  15. Map projections: See Appendices Pp. 503 – 507 Cylindrical, conic, & planar Equal area projections

  16. Land Ordinance of 1785: pp. 10-12 Township & Range system used to divide western lands of USA Township (TS) = 6 sq. miles per side • each TS divided into 36 sections (1 mi x 1 mi.) • sections divided into quarter sec.’s which = a typical “homestead” (160 acres) for settlers Used principal meridians (some of the N & S lines) & base lines (some E & W lines) to form squares

  17. Township & Range System in the U.S. Using GRIDS to lay out land areasPrincipal meridians & east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in NW Mississippi & topographic map of the area

  18. *Which are aspects of the cultural landscape? *Which are from the physical/natural landscape?*What land survey system created this pattern?

  19. Contemporary Tools for contemporary mapping: Geographers now use new technology to enhance maps: Remote sensing GIS GPS a) remote sensing:satellites orbiting (or other long-distance) give data RE: surface -shows vegetation, ice, weather patterns, etc.; scans like TV camera using pixels -resolution: smallest feature that can be picked up by the camera -some 1 meter across…weather satellites pick up several km across (need lg. area) b) GIS: geographic info system: Created fusing remote sensing Hi-performance computer system; processes geog.-data -In layers: can show 1 or several at a time (F.1-5, p.12) -Shows earthquake faults, pop. data, manufacturing, soil types, etc. EX: of use: street map + pop. map = bus routes needed (# w/in walking distance of stop)

  20. Layers of a GIS Fig. 1-5: A geographic information system (GIS) stores information about a location in several layers. Each layer represents a different category of information.

  21. c) GPS: Global Positioning System: using map to find way to another location Can use hand-held or computers in cars - gets signal from GPS satellites

  22. Key 2: Why each point on Earth is unique: I. Place: Unique location of a feature: Location: the position something occupies on Earth's surface A. place names: its toponym: name given to a place on Earth -can be named for historical person (Washington, Lincoln, etc.), religion (St. Paul), events (Massacre Lake), economy (Jackpot, Nev.) In US, Board of Geological Names, part of US Geological Survey, has final say on names -Now mainly gets rid of offensive names, avoids duplicates -names can come from words put together (see Cincinnati's old name)… --sometimes change w/ change of political forces or influences EX: St. Petersburg  Leningrad St. Petersburg

  23. In Wales: (Welsh) Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch: • Means "St. Mary's Church in the hollow of white hazel near a rapid whirlpool and the Church of St. Tysilio near the red cave." • But is no longer the longest town name in the world Thailand has a town whose name has 163 letters: • Krungthepmahanakornamornratanakosinmahintarayutthayamahadilokphopnop- paratrajathaniburiromudomrajaniwesmahasatharnamornphimarnavatarnsathit- sakkattiyavisanukamprasit.

  24. B) Site: Physical character of a place… -major site characteristics: climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation --important in selecting location for settlements -hilltop = good defensive site -river ford = good way to communicate w/ others across river -humans can alter a site EX: NYC’s Manhattan is 2X as large now as in 1626, which enlarged Manhattan Island a number of times (landfills)

  25. Site: Lower Manhattan Island Site of lower Manhattan Island, NYC There have been many changes to the area over the last 200 years.

  26. C) Situation Location relative to other things: 2 ways 1. compare unfamiliar to familiar… EX: using known landmarks to give directions 2. help us see importance of the situation: EX: Singapore is near China, Indonesia, w/ good transportation waterways, etc . Relates to relative location

  27. Situation: Singapore Tiny Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade b/c it is near large populations and cheap labor and good trade routes

  28. D) Mathematical location: using meridians & parallels -meridians: aka longitudinal lines -arcs drawn from N to S pole --0º longitude = prime merid.; runs thru Greenwich, England, at Royal Observatory -parallels: circles drawn around Earth, E to W; aka latitude lines…….0º latitude = equator 0º long. & 0º lat. meet at rt. angles & are measured in *degrees ( º ) *minutes ( " ) *seconds ( ' ) N = parallels b/c is N of the equator E = meridians b/c E of prime merid. 180 degrees = Which?? -so Denver, CO, = 39º42"52' N; 104º59"04' W **Where would the following be? 10 N, 5 W; 5 N, 180 Review: Parallels also called what? Meridians also called what?

  29. Telling time from longitude: use rotation of Earth (sphere) divided into 360º of longitude -use to calculate time based on 24 hours of rotation 1) time zones: Earth = 24 standard time zones, 1 for each hr of the day (15º of long. = 1 hr.) USA set standard time Nov. 18, 1883 at noon Chicago held out, finally changed… Most of rest of world followed in 1884 (International Meridian Conference in DC) Greenwich Mean Time (GMT): aka Universal Time (UT) --standard beginning = prime meridian -if go E from Pr-M, turn clock ahead; if go W, turn back --at International Dateline (180º long.) reverses: if go E (toward USA) turn back 24 hours; if go W (toward China) turn ahead 24 hours Kiribati (1997) changed its side of International Date Line...WHY? WHAT is meant by “standard”?

  30. World Time Zones The world’s 24 standard time zones are often depicted using the Mercator projection (see bk)

  31. 2) Determining longitude: Latitude: a natural occurrence But…Longitude is man-made - sun & stars determine Lat. 0º lat. = equator  gets 12 hrs day/night Location of Prime meridian? b/c Britain = most powerful kingdom at when longitude in 1714…& THEY gave a prize John Harrison (1700's) 1st to measure time accurately using longitude ..won prize now worth several million b/c of the Longitude Act of 1714… J. Harrison & model of his “marine chronometer”

  32. World Geographic Grid The world geographic grid consists of meridians of longitude & parallels of latitude. The prime meridian (0º) passes thru Greenwich, England.

  33. III. Region: types + regional integration A region is an area that shares certain characteristic(s) -can be climate, vegetation, religion, crops, industry, language, religion, etc. Regional (aka cultural landscape?)studies approach: -unique social & physical aspects together create regions b/c that area differs from another some way(s) -notice that in some countries, religions & languages notshared can cause problems -so it is a region thing …not a country thing Types of regions: 3 types: formal functional vernacular…

  34. formal region (aka homogeneous or uniform): ppl of an area share 1 or more characteristic EX: political, cultural (EX: language), econ. activity (certain crop, manufacturing..) or environmental property (climate) -countries, states, etc., are formal regions b/c they share gov'ts & laws Others can be b/c share a prevailing characteristic EX: in "wheat belt", most common crop grown is…? ..but do grow other crops& have other econ. activities **Be careful RE: "regions" b/c can over-generalize at times if not careful EX: Mexico is a "Catholic region"…but do have some Protestants & other groups

  35. World Climate Regions Fig. 1-14: The modified Köppen system divides the world into 5 mainclimate regions.

  36. Election 2000: Regional Differences Fig. 1-10: Presidential election results by county and state illustrate differences in regional voting patterns.

  37. World Political Boundaries (2004)(are FORMAL political Regions) National political boundaries are among the most significant elements of the cultural landscape

  38. Functional region: Area organized around a focal point (a center) Characteristic yr looking at is strongest in center of the region …weakens as goes further out EX: The State newspaper…more people in Cola read than anywhere else, but has some readers in Gwd., Anderson, Orangeburg, Myrtle Beach, etc. TV stations are another EX; but technology changing both TV & papers areas **How are USA today, Wall St. Journal EX’s? …OR Chicago & Atlanta TV ? CNN? TBS? WGN? MTV? BBC???

  39. Formal vs. Functional Regions Fig. 1-11:The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various TV stations are examples of functional regions.

  40. 3) vernacular region: region people believe exists b/c of a cultural identity… EX : "The South" : most (but NOT all) share ideas RE: religion, attitudes, history, etc… New England = 1 also ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A # of factors are often used to Define the South as a vernacular region, each of which ID’s somewhat different boundaries. (Fig. 1-12)

  41. Oh,All y’all gonna LOVE this! And I reckon it’s the truth! (Now, you might ‘a seen it  before, but it is still good!)  The difference between the North & the South - at last, clearly explained • The North has Bloomingdale's , the South has Dollar General …& Family Dollar, too! • The North has coffee houses, the South has Waffle Houses . • The North has dating services, the South has family reunions. • The North has switchblade knives; the South has .45's • The North has double last names; the South has double first names. • The North has Indy car races; The South has stock car races • The North has Cream of Wheat , the South has grits. • The North has green salads, the South has collard greens. • The North has lobsters, the South has crawfish . • The North has the rust belt; the South has the Bible Belt .

  42. FOR NORTHERNERS MOVING SOUTH . . .... In the South : --If you run your car into a ditch, don't panic. Four men in a four-wheel drive pickup truck with a tow chain will be along shortly Don't try to help them, just stay out of their way. This is what they live for. Don't be surprised to find movie rentals and bait in the same store. Do NOT buy food at this store Remember, 'Y'all' is singular, 'all y'all' is plural, and 'all y'all's' is plural possessive Get used to hearing 'You ain't from round here, are ya?‘ Save all manner of bacon grease. You will be instructed later on how to use it. Don't be worried at not understanding what people are saying. They can't understand you either. The first Southern statement to creep into a transplanted Northerner's vocabulary is the adjective 'big'ol,' truck or 'big'ol' boy. Most Northerners begin their Southern-influenced dialect this way. ....... All of them are in denial about it. The proper pronunciation you learned in school is no longer proper . Be advised that 'Cause he needed killin..' is a valid defense here. If you hear a Southerner exclaim, 'Hey, y'all watch this!'  you should stay out of the way. These are likely to be the last words he'll ever say. If there is the prediction of the slightest chance of even the smallest accumulation of snow, your presence is required at the local grocery store. It doesn't matter whether you need anything or not. You just have to go there. Do not be surprised to find that 10-year olds own their own shotguns, they are proficient marksmen, and their mammas taught them how to aim. In the South, we have found that the best way to grow a lush green lawn is to pour gravel on it and call it a driveway. AND REMEMBER: If you do settle  in the South and bear children, don't think we will accept them as Southerners. After all, if the cat had kittens in the oven, we ain't gonna call 'em biscuits.

  43. **Spatial association: (p. 23) Use various scales to compare & make associations (lg scale = __?__ area) EX: Cancer death rates in USA vs. Maryland vs. Baltimore 

  44. Spatial Association: National scale vs. state scale vs. city…vs. neighborhoods (text p. 23…Map top - p.24) Sp. Assoc.: idea that one phenomenon has some relationship or “association” scientifically to the location of other phenomenon …like cancer Regional integration of culture: ( 23) Culture: traditional beliefs, material traits (stuff), & social forms a group of people share (not as in “cultured”…or biology…or art… “cult-”:to care about & to take care of… What Ppl care MOST about: Cultural values: language, religion, & ethnicity Ppl take care of: material wealth, food, shelter, clothing

  45. Econ Development: Geogr. look at HOW ppl gain wealth & how levels & activities (kinds of jobs,etc.) varies *More devel countries (MDC’S=N. Amer., Japan, most of Europe [esp. N & W Eur.] etc. *Less devel countries (LDC's) = E. Asia, S. Asia, Latin Am., SE Asia Econ. activities determine lot of this: LDC's = lots of agric.; MDC's= more manufacturing & service jobs, etc. -political ideas also: representative vs. unrepres. Cultural ecology: geographic study of human + environment relationships[pkt p. 6] 2 big theories about how/why we acquire a certain culture: The big ? = Is it mainly human or physical factors?

  46. Environmental determinism: Humbolt & Ritter theory: Said environ. determines lot about a culture… EX: N. Eur. healthier than S. Eur. b/c of more temperate climate (less heat = less bacteria, etc.) • envir. determ. began 19th century & was very strong in early 20th ------------------------------------------------------ • Possibilism: theory: phys. environ may limit humans, but ppl have the possibility toovercome & adjust to the environment; --can use resources (useful materials) to do this EX: environ: take water & foods that grow naturally & exist butpossibil:choose what to grow to suit climate, even if get from another place Culture affects possibilism: --planting grass & mowing --cut conifers for furniture --leave conifers b/c of religion --what do we eat? Wealth affects possibilism.: HOW & WHY?

  47. HG's use this human--environ. to look at global issues: EX: problem: overpopulation Environmental factors = physical processes: climate, vegetation, soil, landforms Environmental determinists say we’ll begin to die till #'s balance But Possibilists: 1) Control #'s 3) migrate to new areas 2) use new technol. 4) devel. better agricul. EX: ? Human factors: impact on environment: • Way humans use the land • Modern technol. changed ppl/environ. Interaction • Now we can modify environ. to better use it: EX’s? • But can this cause major problems? EX’s?

  48. PHYSICAL FACTORS: a.climate b. vegetation c. soil d. landforms 5 main types of climate regions ID’ed by V. Koppen, determined by latitudes (is also 1 more…) What is meant by low, mid-, and high latitudes? • Tropical: ( < 23) Hot & wet EX’s? • Dry: Little to no rain; few plants or plants adapted to little/no moisture • Warm Mid-Latitude: (+ - 30  40) • Cold Mid-latitude: (+ - 45  60 • Polar: ( > 60-65) • Vertical: High elevations generally = colder temps. -fewer ppl live in vert. climates w. exceptions of some tropical areas …like Peru, Kenya, etc.

  49. 4 main vegetation biomes: (27) Forest biome: trees dominant; shrubs & grasses may grow below these (N. Amer., Eur., Asia + tropical areas; high precip. Savanna biome: mixture of grasses & trees, so no continuous canopy of trees Grassland biome: few trees, mostly grasses; low precip. Desert biome: patches of plants that can exist on v. little precip.; small #’s of animals -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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